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Unlike backward vertical integration, which serves to reduce costs of production, forward vertical integration allows a company to decrease its costs of distribution. This includes avoiding paying taxes for exchanges between stages in the chain of production, bypassing other price regulations, and removing the need for intermediary markets.
A vertical merger occurs when two firms combine across the value chain, such as when a firm buys a former supplier (backward integration) or a former customer (forward integration). When there is no strategic relatedness between an acquiring firm and its target, this is called a conglomerate merger (Douma & Schreuder, 2013). [14]
Examples for tapered integration are (1) Tim Hortons owning some of its retail outlets but also using franchising, (2) Coca-Cola and Pepsi both having integrated bottling subsidiaries while also relying on independent bottlers for production and distribution in some markets, or (3) BMW which uses both in-house market research from its Corporate Center Development and external market research ...
The Tupolev Tu-4, a Soviet bomber built by reverse engineering captured Boeing B-29 Superfortresses. Reverse engineering (also known as backwards engineering or back engineering) is a process or method through which one attempts to understand through deductive reasoning how a previously made device, process, system, or piece of software accomplishes a task with very little (if any) insight ...
Horizontal integration can take various forms, including expanding through new product development, expanding geographically, or acquiring competitors or suppliers. [21] This strategy can enable companies to increase their market share and achieve economies of scale by leveraging existing resources and capabilities. [22]
The group has opted out of the offshore drilling segment w.e.f. March 2011 as strategic decision. The company also forayed into dredging and presently owns a sizeable fleet. Mercator Group has also acquired economic interest in coal mines in Mozambique and Indonesia with substantial coal resources; as a measure of backward integration to ...
Marketing strategy refers to efforts undertaken by an organization to increase its sales and achieve competitive advantage. [1] In other words, it is the method of advertising a company's products to the public through an established plan through the meticulous planning and organization of ideas, data, and information.
In the construction of a business strategy, three main elements must be taken into account: The Company; The Customers; The Competitors; Only by integrating these three can a sustained competitive advantage exist. Ohmae refers to these key factors as the three Cs or the strategic triangle. Customers have wants and needs.