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Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), also known as mesenchymal stromal cells or medicinal signaling cells, are multipotent stromal cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types, including osteoblasts (bone cells), chondrocytes (cartilage cells), myocytes (muscle cells) and adipocytes (fat cells which give rise to marrow adipose tissue).
Mesenchymal stem cells possess many properties that are ideal for the treatment of inflammatory and degenerative diseases. [6] [7] They can differentiate into many cell types including bone, fat, and muscle which allow them to treat a large range of disorders.
Different types of mesenchymal stem cells and other additives are still being researched to find the best type of cell and method for long-term treatment. [ 23 ] Adipose-derived mesenchymal cells are currently the most often used for stem cell treatment of osteoarthritis because of the non-invasive harvesting.
Being a mesenchymal cell indicates an ability to develop into various other cell types and tissues such as connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [5] Some stromal cells can be considered stem cells but not all therefore it can not be broadly termed a stem cell. All MSCs have the ability adhere to plastic and replicate by ...
Primary mesenchyme is the first embryonic mesenchymal tissue to emerge, and it is produced from EMT in epiblast cells. In the epiblast , it is induced by the primitive streak through Wnt signaling , and produces endoderm and mesoderm from a transitory tissue called mesendoderm during the process of gastrulation .
The epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process by which epithelial cells lose their cell polarity and cell–cell adhesion, and gain migratory and invasive properties to become mesenchymal stem cells; these are multipotent stromal cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types.
For example, the most common cancer of the liver parenchyma ("hepato-" = liver), arising from malignant epithelial cells ("carcinoma"), would be called a hepatocarcinoma, while a malignancy arising from primitive liver precursor cells is called a hepatoblastoma. Similarly, a cancer arising from malignant fat cells would be termed a liposarcoma.
In subcortical dementia, there is targeted damage to regions lying under the cortex. The pathological process that result in subcortical dementia shows neuronal changes that involve primarily the thalamus , basal ganglia , and rostral brain-stem nuclei and mostly, some projections in the white matter from these regions to the cortex, with ...