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Evolution captures both the history of an organism via its phylogeny, and the history of natural selection working on function to produce adaptations. [6] There are several reasons why natural selection may fail to achieve optimal design (Mayr 2001:140–143; Buss et al. 1998).
This approach looks at society through a macro-level orientation, which is a broad focus on the social structures that shape society as a whole, [1] and believes that society has evolved like organisms. [2] This approach looks at both social structure and social functions.
In generative grammar and related approaches, the logical form (LF) of a linguistic expression is the variant of its syntactic structure which undergoes semantic interpretation. It is distinguished from phonetic form , the structure which corresponds to a sentence's pronunciation.
The term 'functionalism' or 'functional linguistics' became controversial in the 1980s with the rise of a new wave of evolutionary linguistics. Johanna Nichols argued that the meaning of 'functionalism' had changed, and the terms formalism and functionalism should be taken as referring to generative grammar, and the emergent linguistics of Paul Hopper and Sandra Thompson, respectively; and ...
David Summers, building on the work of E. H. Gombrich, defines historicism negatively, writing that it posits "that laws of history are formulatable and that in general the outcome of history is predictable," adding "the idea that history is a universal matrix prior to events, which are simply placed in order within that matrix by the historian ...
Historical method is the collection of techniques and guidelines that historians use to research and write histories of the past. Secondary sources, primary sources and material evidence such as that derived from archaeology may all be drawn on, and the historian's skill lies in identifying these sources, evaluating their relative authority, and combining their testimony appropriately in order ...
An object carrying this information is known as a structure (of signature σ), or σ-structure, or L-structure (of language L), or as a "model". The information specified in the interpretation provides enough information to give a truth value to any atomic formula, after each of its free variables , if any, has been replaced by an element of ...
Output is a function of the number of workers and can be written Y(N). [Hicks writes x=f x (N x) and y=f y (N y).] M is the externally determined money supply. r is the interest rate. [Hicks denotes it by i.] We let P be the price level, i.e. the money price of a unit of real output. Hicks does not give it a symbol.