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Seeing security certificate errors when visiting certain websites? Learn how to remedy this issue in Internet Explorer.
The user trusts the certificate authority to vouch only for legitimate websites (i.e. the certificate authority is not compromised and there is no mis-issuance of certificates). The website provides a valid certificate, which means it was signed by a trusted authority. The certificate correctly identifies the website (e.g., when the browser ...
Certificate Transparency (CT) is an Internet security standard for monitoring and auditing the issuance of digital certificates. [1] When an internet user interacts with a website, a trusted third party is needed for assurance that the website is legitimate and that the website's encryption key is valid.
In practice, a web site operator obtains a certificate by applying to a certificate authority with a certificate signing request. The certificate request is an electronic document that contains the web site name, company information and the public key. The certificate provider signs the request, thus producing a public certificate.
A certificate-using system must reject the certificate if it encounters a critical extension that it does not recognize, or a critical extension that contains information that it cannot process. A non-critical extension may be ignored if it is not recognized, but must be processed if it is recognized. [10]: §4.2: Certificate Extensions
RAs, however, do not sign or issue certificates (i.e., an RA is delegated certain tasks on behalf of a CA)." [4] While Microsoft may have referred to a subordinate CA as an RA, [5] this is incorrect according to the X.509 PKI standards. RAs do not have the signing authority of a CA and only manage the vetting and provisioning of certificates.
In large-scale deployments, Alice may not be familiar with Bob's certificate authority (perhaps they each have a different CA server), so Bob's certificate may also include his CA's public key signed by a different CA 2, which is presumably recognizable by Alice. This process typically leads to a hierarchy or mesh of CAs and CA certificates.
Alice and Bob have public key certificates issued by Carol, the certificate authority (CA). Alice wishes to perform a transaction with Bob and sends him her public key certificate. Bob, concerned that Alice's private key may have been compromised, creates an 'OCSP request' that contains Alice's certificate serial number and sends it to Carol.