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Adi Shankara, in his review of the Mundaka Upanishad, calls the meditation as Yoga. [32] In verse 2.2.2, the Mundaka Upanishad asserts that Atman-Brahman is the real. [33] In verse 2.2.3, it offers an aid to the meditation process, namely Om (Aum). The poetic verse is structured as a teacher-pupil conversation, where the teacher calls the pupil ...
The Upanishads (/ ʊ ˈ p ʌ n ɪ ʃ ə d z /; [1] Sanskrit: उपनिषद्, IAST: Upaniṣad, pronounced [ˈupɐniʂɐd]) are late Vedic and post-Vedic Sanskrit texts that "document the transition from the archaic ritualism of the Veda into new religious ideas and institutions" [2] and the emergence of the central religious concepts of Hinduism.
[20]: 162 Whereas Shankara and Ramanuja interpret Akshar variously in order to account for, on the one hand, Akshar's being described as eternal, omnipresent, and the source of all beings in the first chapter of the Mundaka Upanishad and as being lower than the Supreme being in verse 2.1.2, on the other, [34]: 158–160 Bhadresh Swami maintains ...
Katha Upanishad, verses 1.1.1–3, partially 4 (the text starts in the mid-1st-line, after salutations to Ganesha) The thick text is the Upanishad scripture, the small text in the margins and edges are an unknown scholar's notes and comments in the typical Hindu style of a minor bhasya.
The central concern of the Upanishads are the connections "between parts of the human organism and cosmic realities." [ 189 ] The Upanishads intend to create a hierarchy of connected and dependent realities, evoking a sense of unity of "the separate elements of the world and of human experience [compressing] them into a single form."
The Brāhmaṇa layer expanded and some of the newer esoteric layers of text that explore the hidden meanings behind Vedic rituals were called Aranyakas while the philosophical sections came to be called the Upanishads. [15] [16] The Vedic basis of Dharma literature is found in the Brahmana layer of the Vedas. [15]
[107] [108] Dualistic philosophical speculations then follow in chapter 1.164 of the Rigveda, particularly in the well studied "allegory of two birds" hymn (1.164.20 - 1.164.22), a hymn that is referred to in the Mundaka Upanishad and other texts .
Brahman is a key concept found in the Vedas, and it is extensively discussed in the early Upanishads. [90] The Vedas conceptualize Brahman as the Cosmic Principle. [ 91 ] In the Upanishads, it has been variously described as Sat-cit-ānanda (truth-consciousness-bliss) [ 92 ] [ 93 ] and as the unchanging, permanent, highest reality.