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Raloxifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) and therefore a mixed agonist–antagonist of the estrogen receptor (ER). [6] It has estrogenic effects in bone and antiestrogenic effects in the breasts and uterus. [6] Raloxifene was approved for medical use in the United States in 1997. [6] It is available as a generic medication.
Raloxifene belongs to the second-generation benzothiophene SERM drugs. It has a high affinity for the ER with potent antiestrogenic activity and tissue-specific effects distinct from estradiol. [21] Raloxifene is an ER agonist in bone and the cardiovascular system, but in breast tissue and the endometrium it acts as an ER antagonist.
Blood doping is the injection of red blood cells, related blood products that contain red blood cells, or artificial oxygen containers. This is done by extracting and storing one's own blood prior to an athletic competition, well in advance of the competition so that the body can replenish its natural levels of red blood cells, and subsequently injecting the stored blood immediately before ...
The selection and use of essential medicines: report of the WHO Expert Committee, 2017 (including the 20th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines and the 6th Model List of Essential Medicines for Children). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl: 10665/259481. ISBN 978-92-4-121015-7. ISSN 0512-3054. WHO technical report series; no. 1006.
Estradiol/raloxifene (E2/RLX) is a tissue-selective estrogen complex (TSEC) which was studied for potential use in menopausal hormone therapy but was never marketed. [ 2 ] [ 1 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Today, E2/RLX is not generally used due to concerns of endometrial hyperplasia .
One of the largest breast cancer prevention studies ever, [2] it included 22,000 women in 400 medical centers in the United States and Canada. [3] [4] [5]The study concluded that raloxifene caused fewer side-effects and less endometrial cancer than tamoxifen.
Bazedoxifene, used as bazedoxifene acetate, is a medication for bone problems and possibly (pending more study) for cancer. [2] It is a third-generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). [3]
Use of combined oral contraceptive pills, however, varies widely by country, [18] age, education, and marital status. For example, one third of women aged 16–49 in the United Kingdom use either the combined pill or progestogen-only pill (POP), [ 19 ] [ 20 ] compared with less than 3% of women in Japan (as of 1950–2014).