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Fumonisins were the most recent mycotoxin found to affect humans and animals negatively. The most produced toxin for this group of fungi is fumonisin B1. [2] Studies have shown that it can cause diseases such as equine leukoencephalomalacia in horses, hydrothorax and porcine pulmonary edema in swine, and it can negatively affect the immune system.
Maropitant (INN; [3] brand name: Cerenia, used as maropitant citrate , is a neurokinin-1 (NK 1) receptor antagonist developed by Zoetis specifically for the treatment of motion sickness and vomiting in dogs. It was approved by the FDA in 2007, for use in dogs [4] [5] and in 2012, for cats. [6]
Upon consumption, the toxin inhibits ribosomal protein, DNA and RNA synthesis, [22] [21] [23] mitochondrial functions [24] [25] [26] cell division [27] [28] while simultaneously activating a cellular stress response named ribotoxic stress response. [29] The trichothecene mycotoxins can be absorbed though topical, oral, and inhalational routes. [21]
There were outbreaks of dog food containing aflatoxin in North America in late 2005 and early 2006, [38] and again in late 2011. [39] Mycotoxins in animal fodder, particularly silage, can decrease the performance of farm animals and potentially kill them. [40] [4] Several mycotoxins reduce milk yield when ingested by dairy cattle. [40]
Average annual premiums for pet insurance are approximately $676 for dogs and $383 for cats, while an exam and treatment at an emergency vet may cost several thousand dollars. How do claims affect ...
T-2 mycotoxin is a trichothecene mycotoxin. It is a naturally occurring mold byproduct of Fusarium spp. fungus which is toxic to humans and other animals. The clinical condition it causes is alimentary toxic aleukia and a host of symptoms related to organs as diverse as the skin, airway, and stomach.
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