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The size and simple design show the high skill level of Egyptian design and engineering on a large scale. [27] The Great Pyramid of Giza , which was probably completed c. 2580 BC , is the oldest of the Giza pyramids and the largest pyramid in the world, and is the only surviving monument of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World .
Ancient Egyptian architecture is best known for its monumental temples and tombs built in stone, including its famous pyramids, such as the pyramids of Giza. These were built with a distinctive repertoire of elements including pylon gateways, hypostyle halls, obelisks, and hieroglyphic decoration.
Its design was initially instituted by Hatshepsut, at the North-west chapel to Amun in the upper terrace of Deir el-Bahri. The name refers to hypostyle architectural pattern. Dedicated to Amun-Re, the highest deity in the Egyptian pantheon, Karnak was once the most opulent religious sanctuary in Thebes , the imperial capital of Egypt (now Luxor )
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Layout of the mortuary complex, excluding the valley temple. In order: A) main pyramid; B) cult pyramid; C) enclosure wall; D) mortuary temple; and E) causeway [39] Old Kingdom mortuary complexes typically consist of five main components: (1) a valley temple; (2) a causeway; (3) a mortuary temple; (4) a cult pyramid; and (5) the main pyramid. [40]
870 AD Ahmad ibn Tulun Palace at al-Qatta'i in Old Cairo. [9] 12th century AD Fatimid Great Palaces (the Great Eastern Palace and the Western Palace) around the Bayn al-Qasrayn area in Historic Cairo. [10] [11] 12th century Cairo Citadel, an Ayyubid dynasty palace [12] 13th century Sultan al-Salih palace in Rhoda Island in Nile in Cairo. [13] [14]
Perspective view, plan and elevation images Djoser's Pyramid Complex taken from a 3d model Statue of King Djoser. Djoser was the first or second king of the 3rd Dynasty (c. 2670 –2650 BC) of the Old Kingdom of Egypt (c. 2686 – c. 2125 BC). [1]
The construction of the Egyptian pyramids can be explained with well-established scientific facts, however there are some aspects that are even today considered controversial hypotheses. The construction techniques used seem to have developed over time; later pyramids were not constructed in the same way as earlier ones.