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Ephedra is widely used by athletes as a performance-enhancing drug, [13] despite a lack of evidence that it improves athletic performance. [14] [15] Ephedra may also be used as a precursor in the illicit manufacture of methamphetamine. [16] Ephedra has been used as a weight-loss aid, sometimes in combination with aspirin and caffeine.
Ephedrine promotes modest short-term weight loss, [24] specifically fat loss, but its long-term effects are unknown. [25] In mice, ephedrine is known to stimulate thermogenesis in the brown adipose tissue, but because adult humans have only small amounts of brown fat, thermogenesis is assumed to take place mostly in the skeletal muscle.
Pseudoephedrine, one of the naturally occurring alkaloids of ephedra, is a sympathomimetic used as a decongestant. [ medical citation needed ] It produces a decongestant effect that is facilitated by the vasoconstriction in the mucosal capillaries of the upper respiratory areas.
Amphetamine-type stimulants-induced psychosis has been reported ever since 1938. Symptoms mainly include delusions and hallucinations. Different kinds of hallucinations are also seen, like auditory, visual, olfactory and tactile hallucinations. [21] Less common symptoms are bizarre behaviour and thought disorder.
Pseudoephedrine may produce toxic effects both with use of supratherapeutic doses but also in people who are more sensitive to the effects of sympathomimetics. [1] Misuse of the drug has been reported in one case at massive doses of 3,000 to 4,500 mg (100–150 × 30-mg tablets) per day, with the doses gradually increased over time by this ...
When two drugs affect each other, it is a drug–drug interaction (DDI). The risk of a DDI increases with the number of drugs used. [1] A large share of elderly people regularly use five or more medications or supplements, with a significant risk of side-effects from drug–drug interactions. [2] Drug interactions can be of three kinds ...
They suggest that, if similar effects are confirmed in people, the spray could delay Alzheimer’s progression by up to 15 years. The research is published in the Journal of Extracellular Vesicles .
The Ephedra alkaloids, ephedrine and pseudoephedrine – constituents of E. sinica and other members of the genus – have sympathomimetic and decongestant qualities, [21] and have been used as dietary supplements, mainly for weight loss. [22] The drug ephedrine is used to prevent low blood pressure during spinal anesthesia. [21]
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