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Additive effect, causes iris bleeding [3] Ginkgo gingko Ginkgo biloba: Aspirin, warfarin, ticlopidine, clopidogrel, dipyridamole, garlic, vitamin E [15] With aspirin – retards aspirin absorption [3] Ginseng: Panax ginseng: Warfarin [15] Papaya extract Carica papaya: Warfarin Damage to GI tract mucous membranes [3] Kava: kava-kava Piper ...
Side effects of using ginkgo supplements may include increased risk of bleeding, gastrointestinal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, dizziness, heart palpitations, and restlessness. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Although use of standardized Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts in moderate amounts appears to be safe, [ 8 ] excessive use may have ...
Drugs such as amphetamines can cause headaches as a side effect. Another type of drug-related headache occurs during withdrawal from long-term therapy with the antimigraine drug ergotamine tartrate. This is more commonly known as rebound headache, although some sources use the term interchangeably.
For instance, in Japan and China, Ginkgo biloba is used to treat cough, bronchial asthma, irritable bladder and alcohol use disorder. [6] Ginkgotoxin is found in the seeds and, in lesser amounts, in the leaves of Ginkgo biloba. The seeds can be consumed as is and the leaves can be used to prepare the dietary supplements.
Ginkgolide B, specifically, is a diterpenoid trilactone with six five-membered rings. It contains a spiro[4,4]-nonane carbocyclic ring, a tetrahydrofuran ring, and a very specific tert-butyl group at one of the rings (Figure 1).
Willow bark has been used throughout the centuries in China and Europe to the present for the treatment of pain (particularly low back pain and osteoarthritis), headache, and inflammatory conditions such as bursitis and tendinitis. The bark of white willow contains salicin, which is a chemical similar to aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid).
Bilobalide is important for producing several of the effects of Ginkgo biloba extracts, and it has neuroprotective effects, [3] [4] as well as inducing the liver enzymes CYP3A1 and CYP1A2, [5] which may be partially responsible for interactions between ginkgo and other herbal medicines or pharmaceutical drugs.
Nicergoline is known to enhance the cardiac depressive effects of propranolol. [6] At high dosages, it is advisable to seek one's physician's guidance if combining with potent vasodilators such as bromocriptine, Ginkgo biloba, picamilon, vinpocetine or xantinol nicotinate.
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