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Xanthine (/ ˈ z æ n θ iː n / or / ˈ z æ n θ aɪ n /, from Ancient Greek ξανθός xanthós ' yellow ' for its yellowish-white appearance; archaically xanthic acid; systematic name 3,7-dihydropurine-2,6-dione) is a purine base found in most human body tissues and fluids, as well as in other organisms. [2]
7-Methylxanthine (7-MX), also known as heteroxanthine, is an active metabolite of caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) and theobromine (3,7-dimethylxanthine). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is a non-selective antagonist of the adenosine receptors .
Parts-per-million cube of relative abundance by mass of elements in an average adult human body down to 1 ppm. About 99% of the mass of the human body is made up of six elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. Only about 0.85% is composed of another five elements: potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium ...
Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthine class and is the most commonly consumed psychoactive substance globally. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] It is mainly used for its eugeroic ( wakefulness promoting), ergogenic (physical performance-enhancing), or nootropic (cognitive-enhancing) properties.
The characteristic signals, distinguishing theophylline from related methylxanthines, are approximately 3.23δ and 3.41δ, corresponding to the unique methylation possessed by theophylline. The remaining proton signal, at 8.01δ, corresponds to the proton on the imidazole ring, not transferred between the nitrogen.
IBMX (3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine), like other methylxanthine derivatives, is both a: competitive non-selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor [1] which raises intracellular cAMP, activates PKA, inhibits TNFα [2] [3] and leukotriene [4] synthesis, and reduces inflammation and innate immunity, [4] and; nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist. [5]
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Most aspects of human biology are identical or very similar to general mammalian biology. In particular, and as examples, humans : maintain their body temperature; have an internal skeleton; have a circulatory system; have a nervous system to provide sensory information and operate and coordinate muscular activity.
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