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Before the massacre, Józefów was a typical, relatively large village in Eastern Poland located twenty miles southeast of Biłgoraj. [1] It had a large Jewish population numbering around 2,800 Jews. [2] The substantial Jewish sector originated with the founding of the town in the early 18th century.
The following figures of the Federal Agency for Civic Education (Germany) show the annihilation of the Jewish population of Europe by (pre-war) country as percentage points: [3] Country Estimated Pre-War Jewish population Estimated killed Percent killed Poland: 3,400,000: 3,000,000: 88.25% Soviet Union (excl. Baltic states) 3,000,000: 1,000,000 ...
In 1939, at the start of World War II, Poland was partitioned between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union (see Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact). One-fifth of the Polish population perished during World War II; the 3,000,000 Polish Jews murdered in the Holocaust, who constituted 90% of Polish Jewry, made up half of all Poles killed during the war.
Pogrom halted after intervention by German army in favor of the Jews. Additional 100 Jews killed in July by Poles. The Jews were subsequently murdered by the Germans. 1941 Białystok massacres: 27 June, 3–4 July, 12–13 July 1941 Białystok Nazi Germany: 6,500–7,000 Jews Dobromil massacre 30 June 1941 Dobromil Nazi Germany: 50–132 Jews
The Jedwabne pogrom was a massacre of Polish Jews in the town of Jedwabne, German-occupied Poland, on 10 July 1941, during World War II and the early stages of the Holocaust. [4] Estimates of the number of victims vary from 300 to 1,600, including women, children, and elderly, many of whom were locked in a barn and burned alive. [5]
After Poland regained independence in 1918, the Second Polish Republic had a large Jewish minority.The early Polish Army was formed in the aftermath of World War I mostly from ethnic Polish volunteers, but as the situation stabilized and the country enforced regular conscriptions, the number of soldiers in the Polish Army from various ethnic minorities, including Jewish, increased.
Lwów (modern: Lviv) was a multicultural city just before World War II, with a population of 312,231. It was part of the Second Polish Republic from 1918 to 1939. The city's 157,490 ethnic Poles constituted just over 50 per cent, with Jews at 32 per cent (99,595) and Ukrainians at 16 per cent (49,747). [5]
The best preserved fragments of the ghetto wall are located 55 Sienna Street, 62 Złota Street, and 11 Waliców Street (the last two being walls of the pre-war buildings). There are two Warsaw Ghetto Heroes' monuments, unveiled in 1946 and 1948, near the place where the German troops entered the ghetto on 19 April 1943. In 1988 a stone monument ...