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Histidine ball and stick model spinning. Histidine (symbol His or H) [2] is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated –NH 3 + form under biological conditions), a carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated –COO − form under biological conditions), and an imidazole side chain (which is partially ...
Two-component systems accomplish signal transduction through the phosphorylation of a response regulator (RR) by a histidine kinase (HK). Histidine kinases are typically homodimeric transmembrane proteins containing a histidine phosphotransfer domain and an ATP binding domain, though there are reported examples of histidine kinases in the atypical HWE and HisKA2 families that are not ...
Illustration of a eukaryotic cell membrane Comparison of a eukaryotic vs. a prokaryotic cell membrane. The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates and protects the interior of a cell from the outside environment (the extracellular space).
Schematic representation of transmembrane proteins: 1) a single-pass membrane protein 2) a multipass membrane protein (α-helix) 3) a multipass membrane protein β-sheet. The membrane is represented in light yellow. A transmembrane protein is a type of integral membrane protein that spans the entirety of the cell membrane.
Multifunctional receptor molecules such as HKs and RTKs typically have portions on the outside of the cell (extracellular domain) that bind to hormone- or growth factor-like molecules, portions that span the cell membrane (transmembrane domain), and portions within the cell (intracellular domain) that contain the enzymatic activity.
Histidine-containing phosphocarrier protein (HPr) is a small cytoplasmic protein that is a component of the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) is a major carbohydrate transport system in bacteria.
Cross-sectional view of the structures that can be formed by phospholipids in an aqueous solution. A biological membrane, biomembrane or cell membrane is a selectively permeable membrane that separates the interior of a cell from the external environment or creates intracellular compartments by serving as a boundary between one part of the cell and another.
In molecular biology, a response regulator is a protein that mediates a cell's response to changes in its environment as part of a two-component regulatory system.Response regulators are coupled to specific histidine kinases which serve as sensors of environmental changes.