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Mensural notation is the musical notation system used for polyphonic European vocal music from the late 13th century until the early 17th century. The term "mensural" refers to the ability of this system to describe precisely measured rhythmic durations in terms of numerical proportions amongst note values.
During the medieval period, Tiro's notation system was taught in European monasteries and expanded to a total of about 13,000 signs. [3] The use of Tironian notes lasted into the 17th century. A few Tironian signs are still used today. [4] [5]
An example: Dieterich Buxtehude's O dulcis Jesu (BuxWV 83) in full score using tablature Keyboard tablature is a form of musical notation for keyboard instruments.Widely used in some parts of Europe from the 15th century, it co-existed with, and was eventually replaced by modern staff notation in the 18th century.
Accent can refer to any stressed or emphasized note, such as sforzando.It was used to indicate an ornament until the 18th century. In German Baroque music it occurs in J. S. Bach's ornament tables as a stressed appoggiatura, indicated by a half circle or "C" in front of a note.
The double dot was first used in 1752 by J. J. Quantz; [17] in music of the 18th century and earlier the amount by which the dot augmented the note varied: it could be more or less than the modern interpretation, to fit into the context.
The practice was especially prevalent in France in the 17th and 18th centuries, with appearances in other European countries at the same time. It reappeared as the standard performance practice in the 20th century in jazz. The phrase notes inégales means "unequal notes" in French.
The notation was akin to modern stenographic writing systems. It used symbols for whole words or word roots and grammatical modifier marks, and it could be used to write either whole passages in shorthand or only certain words.
Another English shorthand system creator of the 17th century was William Mason (fl. 1672–1709) who published Arts Advancement in 1682. Tombstone of Heinrich Roller, inventor of a German shorthand system, with a sample of his shorthand. Modern-looking geometric shorthand was introduced with John Byrom's New Universal Shorthand of 1720.