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The Black Hills, the United States' oldest mountain range, [11] is 125 miles (201 km) long and 65 miles (105 km) wide stretching across South Dakota and Wyoming. [12] The Black Hills derived its name from the black image that is produced by the "thick forest of pine and spruce trees" that covers the hills and was given the name by the Native Americans belonging to the Lakota (Sioux). [13]
The cause of the war was the desire of the US government to obtain ownership of the Black Hills. Gold had been discovered in the Black Hills, settlers began to encroach onto Native American lands, and the Sioux and the Cheyenne refused to cede ownership. Traditionally, American military and historians place the Lakota at the center of the story ...
The Black Hills is an isolated mountain range rising from the Great Plains of North America in western South Dakota and extending into Wyoming, United States. [3] Black Elk Peak, which rises to 7,242 feet (2,207 m), is the range's highest summit. [4]
General William T. Sherman (third from left) and Commissioners in council with chiefs and headmen, Fort Laramie, 1868 Signed April 29 – November 6, 1868 [a] Location Fort Laramie, Wyoming Negotiators Indian Peace Commission Signatories United States Brulé Oglala Arapaho Miniconjou Yanktonai Ratifiers US Senate Language English Full text Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868 at Wikisource The Treaty ...
Considering the Black Hills sacred and illegally taken, in the 20th century, the Lakota pursued a suit against the US government for the return of the land. In the 1980 United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the land had been taken illegally. The US government offered financial compensation ...
The Sioux never accepted the legitimacy of the forced deprivation of their Black Hills reservation. [108] Throughout the 1920s–1950s, they pushed their Black Hills land claim into federal court. After 60 years of litigation in the Court of Claims, the Indian Claims Commission, the U.S. Congress, the Supreme Court heard the case in 1980 and ...
In 1876 the U.S. Congress decided to open up the Black Hills to development and break up the Great Sioux Reservation. In 1877, it passed an act to make 7.7 million acres (31,000 km 2) of the Black Hills available for sale to homesteaders and private interests. In 1889 Congress divided the remaining area of Great Sioux Reservation into five ...
In the Black Hills region, the Kiowa lived peacefully alongside the Crow Indians, with whom they long maintained a close friendship, organized themselves into 10 bands, and numbered around 3000. Pressure from the Ojibwe in the north woods and edge of the great plains in Minnesota forced the Cheyenne, Arapaho, and later the Sioux westward into ...