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Free diving to extreme depth. It can be avoided by limiting free diving depth to capacity of lungs to compensate, [35] and by training exercises to increase compliance of chest cavity. [citation needed] Rupture or supply pressure failure of a surface supply hose with simultaneous failure of the non-return valve. [35]
Scuba diving fatalities – Deaths occurring while scuba diving or as a consequence of scuba diving; Stand-by diver – A member of a dive team who is ready to assist or rescue the working diver; Underwater diving emergencies – Situations that endanger the life or health of a diver; Underwater environment – Aquatic or submarine environment
Diving emergencies can also be distinguished by the mode of diving, so a distinction can be made between scuba diving emergencies and freediving emergencies, for example, as some emergencies are only possible when diving in a specific mode, (equipment failure or misuse is only possible for equipment actually in use) and for others the risk is ...
The next stage of the cascade/sequence is an incapacitating injury, which prevents the diver from further efforts to control the incident, most commonly asphyxia, followed by the official cause of death as the final stage. In freediving and scuba diving this is usually found to be drowning. [103]
The procedures vary depending on whether the diver is using scuba or surface supplied equipment. Scuba divers control their own descent and ascent rate, while surface supplied divers may control their own ascents and descents, or be lowered and lifted by the surface team, either by their umbilical, or on a diving stage, or in a diving bell.
Providing emergency gas to a diver who has run out is the highest priority after finding the diver. Without breathing gas the diver will die in minutes. Running out of gas is a major contributor to diving accidents. Many scuba accidents start in some other way and culminate in running out of gas.
Narcosis results from breathing gases under elevated pressure, and may be classified by the principal gas involved. The noble gases, except helium and probably neon, [2] as well as nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen cause a decrement in mental function, but their effect on psychomotor function (processes affecting the coordination of sensory or cognitive processes and motor activity) varies widely.
Approximately 90 percent of patients with DCS develop symptoms within three hours of surfacing; only a small percentage become symptomatic more than 24 hours after diving. [ 3 ] Below is a summary comparison of the signs and symptoms of DCI arising from its two components: Decompression Sickness and Arterial Gas Embolism .