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The high temperature of annealing may result in oxidation of the metal's surface, resulting in scale. If scale must be avoided, annealing is carried out in a special atmosphere, such as with endothermic gas (a mixture of carbon monoxide, hydrogen gas, and nitrogen gas). Annealing is also done in forming gas, a mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen.
This is not a set temperature and is dependent upon factors including the following: [3] Increasing annealing time decreases recrystallization temperature; Alloys have higher recrystallization temperatures than pure metals; Increasing amount of cold work decreases recrystallization temperature
Heat treating furnace at 1,800 °F (980 °C) Heat treating (or heat treatment) is a group of industrial, thermal and metalworking processes used to alter the physical, and sometimes chemical, properties of a material. The most common application is metallurgical. Heat treatments are also used in the manufacture of many other materials, such as ...
The effects of cold working may be reversed by annealing the material at high temperatures where recovery and recrystallization reduce the dislocation density. A material's work hardenability can be predicted by analyzing a stress–strain curve , or studied in context by performing hardness tests before and after a process.
Precipitation hardening, also called age hardening or particle hardening, is a heat treatment technique used to increase the yield strength of malleable materials, including most structural alloys of aluminium, magnesium, nickel, titanium, and some steels, stainless steels, and duplex stainless steel. In superalloys, it is known to cause yield ...
pre-bonding at room temperature and; annealing at elevated temperatures. Even though direct bonding as a wafer bonding technique is able to process nearly all materials, silicon is the most established material up to now. Therefore, the bonding process is also referred to as silicon direct bonding or silicon fusion bonding.
Tempering (metallurgy) Differentially tempered steel. The various colors produced indicate the temperature the steel was heated to. Light straw indicates 204 °C (399 °F) and light blue indicates 337 °C (639 °F). [1][2] Tempering is a process of heat treating, which is used to increase the toughness of iron -based alloys.
Annealing typically involves heating the wafer and saturating the chamber with a gas or water vapor that can then be incorporated into the film. Hydrogen is sourced from H 2, H+ radicals from plasma, or H 2 O water vapor. The three common techniques are hydrogen plasma anneal, forming gas anneal, or high temperature steam anneal. Traditional ...