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Serum free light-chain measurement. Free light chains (FLCs) are immunoglobulin light chains that are found in the serum (blood) in an unbound (free) state. In recent decades, measuring the amount of free light chains (FLCs) in the blood has become a practical clinical test. FLC tests can be used to diagnose and monitor diseases like multiple ...
Antibodies are produced by B lymphocytes, each expressing only one class of light chain. Once set, light chain class remains fixed for the life of the B lymphocyte. In a healthy individual, the total kappa-to-lambda ratio is roughly 2:1 in serum (measuring intact whole antibodies) or 1:1.5 if measuring free light chains, with a highly divergent ...
904,000 (2015) [6] Deaths. 60,700 (2015) [7] Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a type of cancer in which the bone marrow makes too many lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell). [2][8] Early on, there are typically no symptoms. [2] Later, non-painful lymph node swelling, feeling tired, fever, night sweats, or weight loss for no clear reason ...
101,100 (2015) [9] Multiple myeloma (MM), also known as plasma cell myeloma and simply myeloma, is a cancer of plasma cells, a type of white blood cell that normally produces antibodies. [6] Often, no symptoms are noticed initially. [10] As it progresses, bone pain, anemia, renal insufficiency, and infections may occur. [10]
A biomarker may be a molecule secreted by a tumor or a specific response of the body to the presence of cancer. Genetic, [1] epigenetic, [2] proteomic, [3] glycomic, [4] and imaging biomarkers can be used for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and epidemiology. Ideally, such biomarkers can be assayed in non-invasively collected biofluids like blood ...
A heading indicator in a small aircraft. HI interior. Vacuum systems using a vacuum pump (left) and a venturi (right) The heading indicator (HI), also known as a directional gyro[1] (DG) or direction indicator (DI), [2][3][4][5] is a flight instrument used in an aircraft to inform the pilot of the aircraft's heading.
Specialty. Oncology. Cancer of unknown primary origin (CUP) is a cancer that is determined to be at the metastatic stage at the time of diagnosis, but a primary tumor cannot be identified. A diagnosis of CUP requires a clinical picture consistent with metastatic disease and one or more biopsy results inconsistent with a tumor cancer.
Head and neck cancer is a general term encompassing multiple cancers that can develop in the head and neck region. These include cancers of the mouth, tongue, gums and lips (oral cancer), voice box (laryngeal), throat (nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal, [1] hypopharyngeal), salivary glands, nose and sinuses. [5] Head and neck cancer can present a ...