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This is a timeline of Roman history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in the Roman Kingdom and Republic and the Roman and Byzantine Empires. To read about the background of these events, see Ancient Rome and History of the Byzantine Empire. Following tradition, this timeline marks the deposition of Romulus ...
The history of the Roman Empire covers the history of ancient Rome from the traditional end of the Roman Republic in 27 BC until the abdication of Romulus Augustulus in AD 476 in the West, and the Fall of Constantinople in the East in 1453. Ancient Rome became a territorial empire while still a republic, but was then ruled by emperors beginning ...
Roman economy. Solidus depicting Constantine II, and on the reverse Victoria, one of the last deities to appear on Roman coins, gradually transforming into an angel under Christian rule [1] The study of the economies of the ancient city-state of Rome and its empire during the Republican and Imperial periods remains highly speculative.
In Ancient Rome, there were four primary kinds of taxation: a cattle tax, a land tax, customs, and a tax on the profits of any profession. These taxes were typically collected by local aristocrats. The Roman state would set a fixed amount of money each region needed to provide in taxes, and the local officials would decide who paid the taxes ...
The Roman Empireruled the Mediterranean and much of Europe, Western Asia and North Africa. The Romansconquered most of this during the Republic, and it was ruled by emperors following Octavian's assumption of effective sole rule in 27 BC. The western empirecollapsed in 476 AD, but the eastern empirelasted until the fall of Constantinoplein 1453.
Usually Roman loans were given to young nobles, and they generally had high interest rates. [70] [71] [72] Another common option was to give loans to close family or friends as a method of averting risk. [73] It is possible that ancient Roman loans lacked a security deposit. [74] [75] However, ancient loans required some form of security. [76]
The historians Walter Scheidel and Steven Friesen estimated that, during the Roman Empire, around 6–12% of the Roman population had "middle-class" incomes, with the poor constituting around 80% of the population. [31] [32] They estimate that the Roman Empire had a Gini coefficient—a method for measuring wealth inequality—of 0.42 or 0.44. [33]
The date used as the end of the ancient era is arbitrary. The transition period from Classical Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages is known as Late Antiquity.Late Antiquity is a periodization used by historians to describe the transitional centuries from Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages, in both mainland Europe and the Mediterranean world: generally from the end of the Roman Empire's ...