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  2. Bronze - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze

    Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper, commonly with about 12–12.5% tin and often with the addition of other metals (including aluminium, manganese, nickel, or zinc) and sometimes non-metals, such as phosphorus, or metalloids, such as arsenic or silicon. These additions produce a range of alloys that may be harder than copper ...

  3. Pitting corrosion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitting_corrosion

    Pitting corrosion. Appearance. Severe pitting corrosion problems caused by chloride ions on a truss beam of the Nandu River Iron Bridge (Hainan Province, China) leading to the complete rupture of a metallic element. Pitting corrosion, or pitting, is a form of extremely localized corrosion that leads to the random creation of small holes in metal.

  4. Bronze disease - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_disease

    Bronze disease. Bronze disease is an irreversible and nearly inexorable corrosion process that occurs when chlorides come into contact with bronze or other copper-bearing alloys. [1] It can occur as both a dark green coating, or as a much lighter whitish fuzzy or furry green coating. [1] It is not a bacterial infection, but the result of a ...

  5. Patina - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patina

    Usage. [] On metal, patina is a coating of various chemical compounds such as oxides, carbonates, sulfides, or sulfates formed on the surface during exposure to atmospheric elements (oxygen, rain, acid rain, carbon dioxide, sulfur -bearing compounds). [ 2 ] In common parlance, weathering rust on steel is often mistakenly [ 3 ] referred to as ...

  6. Verdigris - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdigris

    Verdigris is a naturally occurring protective layer on metals such as copper, brass, and bronze. In addition to be a desirable artistic effect, it has been used primarily as a pigment and now-outdated medicinal preparations. When burned, verdigris produces a green flame. [ 23 ]

  7. Brass - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass

    Brass lectern with an eagle. Attributed to Aert van Tricht, Limburg (Netherlands), c. 1500. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc, in proportions which can be varied to achieve different colours and mechanical, electrical, acoustic and chemical properties, [ 1 ] but copper typically has the larger proportion, generally 66% copper and 34% zinc.

  8. Roman metallurgy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_metallurgy

    Roman silver ingot, Britain, 1st–4th centuries AD. Lead ingots from Roman Britain. Metals and metal working had been known to the people of modern Italy since the Bronze Age. By 53 BC, Rome had expanded to control an immense expanse of the Mediterranean. This included Italy and its islands, Spain, Macedonia, Africa, Asia Minor, Syria and ...

  9. Bronze sculpture - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_sculpture

    Bronze is the most popular metal for cast metal sculptures; a cast bronze sculpture is often called simply "a bronze". It can be used for statues, singly or in groups, reliefs, and small statuettes and figurines, as well as bronze elements to be fitted to other objects such as furniture. It is often gilded to give gilt-bronze or ormolu.