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Endocarditis is an inflammation of the inner layer of the heart, the endocardium. It usually involves the heart valves . Other structures that may be involved include the interventricular septum , the chordae tendineae , the mural endocardium, or the surfaces of intracardiac devices.
The resulting inflammatory response leads to swelling, redness, and pain that characterize these lesions. The nodes are commonly indicative of subacute bacterial endocarditis. [4] 10–25% of endocarditis patients will have Osler's nodes. [5] Other signs of endocarditis include Roth's spots and Janeway lesions. The latter, which also occur on ...
Late prosthetic valve endocarditis is usually due to community-acquired microorganisms. [17] Prosthetic valve endocarditis is commonly caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis as it is capable of growing as a biofilm on plastic surfaces. [18] Cutibacterium acnes almost exclusively causes endocarditis on prosthetic heart valves. [15]
Libman–Sacks endocarditis is a form of non-bacterial endocarditis that is seen in association with systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid syndrome, and malignancies. It is one of the most common cardiac manifestations of lupus (the most common being pericarditis ).
Osler's nodes are thought to be due to immunologic phenomenon where deposition of immune complexes provoke inflammatory response, leading to swelling, redness and pain. On the contrary, Janeway lesions are thought to be due to embolic phenomenon in cutaneous blood vessels of palms and soles which does not cause pain or least pain.
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the cause of Osler's triad of meningitis, pneumonia, and endocarditis. The portal of entry for this triad is said to be the lungs, followed by meningitis and endocarditis. Significant risk factors are heavy alcohol consumption, old age, splenectomy, immunosuppression, etc. Endocarditis typically involves the aortic ...
Now people with infective endocarditis almost always have a fever, as well as a new heart murmur, that results from turbulent blood flow past a damaged heart valve. Sometimes those vegetations can detach from the valve, and little clumps of pathogens can float through the bloodstream—called septic emboli.
Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE) is a form of endocarditis in which small sterile vegetations are deposited on the valve leaflets. Formerly known as marantic endocarditis , which comes from the Greek marantikos , meaning "wasting away". [ 1 ]