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In mathematics, the floor function is the function that takes as input a real number x, and gives as output the greatest integer less than or equal to x, denoted ⌊x⌋ or floor(x). Similarly, the ceiling function maps x to the least integer greater than or equal to x, denoted ⌈x⌉ or ceil(x). [1]
The greatest common divisor (GCD) of integers a and b, at least one of which is nonzero, is the greatest positive integer d such that d is a divisor of both a and b; that is, there are integers e and f such that a = de and b = df, and d is the largest such integer. The GCD of a and b is generally denoted gcd(a, b). [8]
The number 2,147,483,647 (or hexadecimal 7FFFFFFF 16) is the maximum positive value for a 32-bit signed binary integer in computing. It is therefore the maximum value for variables declared as integers (e.g., as int ) in many programming languages.
It follows that there are gaps between primes that are arbitrarily large, that is, for any integer N, there is an integer m with g m ≥ N. However, prime gaps of n numbers can occur at numbers much smaller than n!. For instance, the first prime gap of size larger than 14 occurs between the primes 523 and 541, while 15! is the vastly larger ...
The prime number theorem asserts that an integer m selected at random has roughly a 1 / ln m chance of being prime. Thus if n is a large even integer and m is a number between 3 and n / 2 , then one might expect the probability of m and n − m simultaneously being prime to be 1 / ln m ln(n − m) .
As explained, a more precise description of a number also specifies the value of this number between 1 and 10, or the previous number (taking the logarithm one time less) between 10 and 10 10, or the next, between 0 and 1. Note that = I.e., if a number x is too large for a representation () the power tower can be made one higher, replacing x by ...
One of the most important differences between a greatest element and a maximal element of a preordered set (,) has to do with what elements they are comparable to. Two elements x , y ∈ P {\displaystyle x,y\in P} are said to be comparable if x ≤ y {\displaystyle x\leq y} or y ≤ x {\displaystyle y\leq x} ; they are called incomparable if ...
The greatest element of , if it exists, is also a maximal element of , [proof 2] and the only one. [ proof 3 ] By contraposition , if S {\displaystyle S} has several maximal elements, it cannot have a greatest element; see example 3.