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Hepatitis B is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that affects the liver; [1] [6] it is a type of viral hepatitis. [7] It can cause both acute and chronic infection . [ 1 ]
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a partially double-stranded DNA virus, [1] a species of the genus Orthohepadnavirus and a member of the Hepadnaviridae family of viruses. [2] [3] This virus causes the disease hepatitis B. [4]
Hepatitis D is caused by the hepatitis D virus (HDV), or hepatitis delta virus; it belongs to the genus Deltavirus. HDV is similar to a satellite virus as it can only propagate in the presence of the hepatitis B virus, depending on the helper function of HBV for its replication and expression. It has no independent life cycle, but can survive ...
Hepatitis D is a defective virus that requires hepatitis B to replicate and is only found with hepatitis B co-infection. [17] In adults, hepatitis B infection is most commonly self-limiting, with less than 5% progressing to chronic state, and 20 to 30% of those chronically infected developing cirrhosis or liver cancer. [31]
Although liver diseases transmissible among human populations were identified early in the history of medicine, the first known hepatitis with a viral etiological agent was Hepatitis A, in the picornaviridae family. Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) was identified as an infection distinct from Hepatitis A through its contamination of yellow fever vaccine.
The increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species is about 10,000-fold with chronic hepatitis B virus infection and 100,000-fold following hepatitis C virus infection. [25] This increase in reactive oxygen species causes inflammation [ 25 ] and more than 20 types of DNA damage. [ 26 ]
Hepatitis virus-associated hepatocarcinogenesis is a serious health concern. [31] Liver cancer in the United States is primarily due to three main factors: hepatitis C virus (HCV) (22%), hepatitis B virus (HBV) (12%) and alcohol use (47%). [32] In 2017 there will be about 40,710 new cases of liver cancer in the United States. [33]
HBx has large effects on the transcription levels of many genes. In a transgenic mouse model expressing the HBx gene of hepatitis B virus (but not other HBV genes), most mice developed hepatic tumors. [14] In these HBx transgenic mice there were 10,553 differentially DNA methylated regions (6,668 hypermethylated and 3,885 hypomethylated regions).
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