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Medical signs that can be detected from observation of eye fundus (generally by funduscopy) include hemorrhages, exudates, cotton wool spots, blood vessel abnormalities (tortuosity, pulsation and new vessels) and pigmentation. [3] Arteriolar constriction, seen as "silver wiring", and vascular tortuosities are seen in hypertensive retinopathy.
Commonly, amaurosis fugax caused by giant cell arteritis may be associated with jaw claudication and headache. However, it is also not uncommon for these patients to have no other symptoms. [18] One comprehensive review found a two to nineteen percent incidence of amaurosis fugax among these patients. [19] Systemic lupus erythematosus [20] [21]
There are two techniques used to assess the red reflex listed below. Both are noninvasive, inexpensive, and quick. Dilation of the eyes is unnecessary and not recommended due to the theoretical but rarely seen risks of sympathomimetics and antimuscarinic systemic effects – tachycardia (fast heart rate), hypertension (high blood pressure), and arrhythmia (abnormal heart rhythm).
It is used to detect and evaluate symptoms of various retinal vascular diseases and eye diseases. In patients with headaches , the finding of swollen optic discs ( papilledema ) on ophthalmoscopy is a key sign indicating raised intracranial pressure , which may be due to conditions such as hydrocephalus , benign intracranial hypertension ...
Cotton wool spots are opaque fluffy white patches on the retina of the eye that are considered an abnormal finding during a funduscopic exam (also called an ophthalmoscopic exam). [1] Cotton wool spots are typically a sign of another disease state, most common of which is diabetic retinopathy . [ 2 ]
Cherry red spot in a person with central retinal artery occlusion. Central retinal artery occlusion is characterized by painless, acute vision loss in one eye. [1] Upon fundoscopic exam, one would expect to find: cherry-red spot (90%) (a morphologic description in which the normally red background of the choroid is sharply outlined by the swollen opaque retina in the central retina), retinal ...
Hyperviscosity syndrome is a group of symptoms triggered by an increase in the viscosity of the blood. Symptoms of high blood viscosity include spontaneous bleeding from mucous membranes , visual disturbances due to retinopathy , and neurologic symptoms ranging from headache and vertigo to seizures and coma .
On fundoscopic examination, there are three principal findings comprising the anomaly: [5] an enlarged, funnel-shaped excavation in optic disc; an annulus or ring of chorioretinal pigmentary changes surrounding the optic disc excavation; a central glial tuft overlying the optic disc