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All are chambered for the .45/70 caliber except for the "M" (.450) Introduced in the 1970s, based on the Model 336 and named after the original 1895. Marlin Model 1895 Square bolt. The original rifle introduced in 1895, based on the 1893 action but scaled up for larger cartridges such as 45-70 and 45-90 to replace the Model 1881.
The .45-70 (11.6x53mmR), also known as the .45-70 Government, .45-70 Springfield, and .45-2 1 ⁄ 10" Sharps, is a .45 caliber rifle cartridge originally holding 70 grains of black powder that was developed at the U.S. Army's Springfield Armory for use in the Springfield Model 1873.
Top-Break Automatic Ejecting Model 1.32 S&W, .32 H&R, or .38 S&W; 5- or 6- shot; hard rubber grip panels with floral design, 3 + 1 ⁄ 4 in. barrel, modified American Double Action mechanism and frame, nickel finish, First Variation marked on top of barrel with company name and address only and two guide rods for ejector (1885–1886), Second ...
The Military Sharps-Borchardt was made only in .45-70 with 32" round barrels and was purchased by the militias of the states of Michigan, North Carolina, and Massachusetts. The other models were manufactured in a variety of calibers, barrel types, sights, stocks, engraving, etc. and were designed for varying purposes.
Winchester also produced a civilian sporting version of the Hotchkiss, likewise in caliber .45-70 Government, until 1899. 1884 Winchester catalog lists an option to chamber the M1883 in ".40-65 Hotchkiss" cartridge (which may or may not be .40-65 Winchester introduced in 1887), but it's not clear if this variant was ever actually produced.
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These rifles were made in a variety of calibers, both rimfire and centerfire, including the 12.17x42 mm rimfire, 12.17x44 mm rimfire and 12.17x44 mm rimmed centerfire Swedish and Norwegian cartridges, .43 Spanish (11.15x58mmR), .50-70, .40-70, .45-70 and later in .22 caliber.
According to the US Army Ordnance Department tests, the 45-70-405 was loaded to 19,000 psi, [4] while the 45-70-500 was loaded to 25,000 psi [2] The average accuracy of the Springfield Model 1873 was a circle with an average radius of 1.7 inches at 100 yards, corresponding to an ~3.4 MOA.