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VSEPR theory is used to predict the arrangement of electron pairs around central atoms in molecules, especially simple and symmetric molecules. A central atom is defined in this theory as an atom which is bonded to two or more other atoms, while a terminal atom is bonded to only one other atom.
[7] [8] [2] This means that for specific amount of cumulative CO 2 emissions, a known global temperature change (within a range of uncertainty) can be expected, which indicates that holding global temperature change to below specific thresholds is a problem of limiting cumulative CO 2 emissions, leading to the idea of a carbon budget. [2] [9] [3]
Certified emission reduction units (CERs) by country of origin October 2012 Certified emission reduction units (CERs) monthly spot prices 2012. Certified emission reductions (CERs) originally designed a type of emissions unit (or carbon credits) issued by the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Executive Board for emission reductions achieved by CDM projects and verified by a DOE (Designated ...
It is a reduction, avoidance, or removal of emissions to compensate for emissions released elsewhere. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] One carbon credit represents an emission reduction or removal of one metric tonne of carbon dioxide or the equivalent amount of greenhouse gases that contribute equally to global warming (CO 2 e).
The data only consider carbon dioxide emissions from the burning of fossil fuels and cement manufacture, but not emissions from land use, land-use change and forestry [n 2] Over the last 150 years, estimated cumulative emissions from land use and land-use change represent approximately one-third of total cumulative anthropogenic CO 2 emissions. [6]
If a gaseous emission sample is analyzed and found to contain water vapor and a pollutant concentration of say 40 ppmv, then 40 ppmv should be designated as the "wet basis" pollutant concentration. The following equation can be used to correct the measured "wet basis" concentration to a " dry basis " concentration: [ 3 ]
In its first period (2008–2012), the 1997 Kyoto Protocol encompassed CO 2 emissions from airports and domestic aviation but not from international aviation. In 2009, a number of governments agreed to work on allowing the Kyoto Protocol to reduce and allocate international aviation emissions through the International Civil Aviation Organization.
Verified Emission Reductions are usually created by projects which have been verified outside of the Kyoto Protocol. One VER is equivalent to 1 tonne of CO 2 emissions. [3] Through these schemes, industries and individuals voluntarily compensate for their emissions or provide an additional contribution to mitigating climate change.