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An artificial reef (AR) is a human ... properties of reefs are particularly important in determining their ... unlikely to pose a long-term health risk for humans at ...
National Fishing Enhancement Act of 1984; Other short titles: Antarctic Marine Living Resources Convention Act of 1984: Long title: A bill to establish national standards for the construction and siting of artificial reefs in the waters of the United States in order to enhance fishery resources and fishing opportunities and for other purposes.
A diversity of corals. Coral reef protection is the process of modifying human activities to avoid damage to healthy coral reefs and to help damaged reefs recover. The key strategies used in reef protection include defining measurable goals and introducing active management and community involvement to reduce stressors that damage reef health.
Coral reefs are among the more productive and diverse ecosystems on the planet, but one-fifth of them have been lost in recent years due to anthropogenic disturbances. [14] [15] Coral reefs are microbially driven ecosystems that rely on marine microorganisms to retain and recycle nutrients in order to thrive in oligotrophic waters.
Many reefs are built using objects that were built for other purposes, for example by sinking oil rigs (through the Rigs-to-Reefs program), scuttling ships, or by deploying rubble or construction debris. Other artificial reefs are purpose built (e.g. the reef balls) from PVC or concrete. Shipwrecks become artificial reefs on the seafloor.
The blast also kills the corals in the area, eliminating the reef's structure, destroying habitat for the remaining fish and other animals important for reef health. [16] Muro-ami is the destructive practice of covering reefs with nets and dropping large stones onto the reef to produce a flight response among the fish.
Rigs-to-Reefs (RTR) is the practice of converting decommissioned offshore oil and petroleum rigs into artificial reefs. [1] Such biotic reefs have been created from oil rigs in the United States, Brunei and Malaysia . [ 2 ]
Artificial reefs can be inhabited by federally managed species and may provide important habitat necessary to fish for spawning, breeding, feeding or growth to maturity. [40] In June 2013, Amendment Number 4 to Fishery Management Plans was put forth. The purpose of this action was to consider the role of artificial substrate as EFH. [41]