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  2. Brownian motion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownian_motion

    2-dimensional random walk of a silver adatom on an Ag(111) surface [1] Simulation of the Brownian motion of a large particle, analogous to a dust particle, that collides with a large set of smaller particles, analogous to molecules of a gas, which move with different velocities in different random directions.

  3. State of matter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_matter

    In a solid, constituent particles (ions, atoms, or molecules) are closely packed together. The forces between particles are so strong that the particles cannot move freely but can only vibrate. As a result, a solid has a stable, definite shape, and a definite volume. Solids can only change their shape by an outside force, as when broken or cut.

  4. Diffusion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion

    Random collisions of particles in a gas. The diffusion coefficient D {\displaystyle D} is the coefficient in the Fick's first law J = − D ∂ n / ∂ x {\displaystyle J=-D\,\partial n/\partial x} , where J is the diffusion flux ( amount of substance ) per unit area per unit time, n (for ideal mixtures) is the concentration, x is the position ...

  5. Gas - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas

    Drifting smoke particles indicate the movement of the surrounding gas.. Gas is one of the four fundamental states of matter.The others are solid, liquid, and plasma. [1] A pure gas may be made up of individual atoms (e.g. a noble gas like neon), elemental molecules made from one type of atom (e.g. oxygen), or compound molecules made from a variety of atoms (e.g. carbon dioxide).

  6. Molecular diffusion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_diffusion

    Molecular diffusion, often simply called diffusion, is the thermal motion of all (liquid or gas) particles at temperatures above absolute zero. The rate of this movement is a function of temperature, viscosity of the fluid and the size (mass) of the particles.

  7. Kinetic theory of gases - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_theory_of_gases

    The kinetic theory of gases is a simple classical model of the thermodynamic behavior of gases. Its introduction allowed many principal concepts of thermodynamics to be established. It treats a gas as composed of numerous particles, too small to be seen with a microscope, in constant, random motion.

  8. Kinetic theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_theory

    Kinetic theory of matter: A general account of the properties of matter, including solids liquids and gases, based around the idea that heat or temperature is a manifestation of atoms and molecules in constant agitation. Kinetic theory of gases, an account of gas properties in terms of motion and interaction of submicroscopic particles in gases

  9. List of states of matter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_of_matter

    The particles are held very close to each other. Amorphous solid: A solid in which there is no far-range order of the positions of the atoms. Crystalline solid: A solid in which atoms, molecules, or ions are packed in regular order. Quasicrystal: A solid in which the positions of the atoms have long-range order, but this is not in a repeating ...

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