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Reciprocal teaching is a powerful instructional method designed to foster reading comprehension through collaborative dialogue between educators and students. Rooted in the work of Annemarie Palincsar, this approach aims to empower students with specific reading strategies, such as Questioning, Clarifying, Summarizing, and Predicting, to actively construct meaning from text.
Strategies used may include paraphrasing, substitution, coining new words, switching to the first language, and asking for clarification. [2] [3] These strategies, with the exception of switching languages, are also used by native speakers. [2]
In the 1980s, Annemarie Sullivan Palincsar and Ann L. Brown developed a technique called reciprocal teaching that taught students to predict, summarize, clarify, and ask questions for sections of a text. The use of strategies like summarizing after each paragraph has come to be seen as effective for building students' comprehension.
For students above 2nd grade, a study guide is useful. Classes should make use of multi-modal teaching techniques. Students may read aloud, with other students paraphrasing what they said. A small set of content vocabulary used repeatedly will be more easily acquired and allow students to acquire language structures. [10] [11]
Teaching practices in Focal Skills programs are heavily influenced by the work of Stephen Krashen. There is an emphasis on comprehensible input using authentic materials. Activities that would raise a student's affective filter are generally avoided. The Focal Skills Movie Technique is an example of the kind of teaching used in this approach.
interaction: teacher: student student:teacher student: student group; Summative assessment. mastery assessed using a variety of modalities; review of main topics and key vocabulary; resulting product shows mastery of key concepts and synthesis of information; written assessment appropriate for intermediate/ early advanced English language learners
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Cooperative learning is an educational approach which aims to organize classroom activities into academic and social learning experiences. [1] There is much more to cooperative learning than merely arranging students into groups, and it has been described as "structuring positive interdependence."
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