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The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) or pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT or PPTg) is a collection of neurons located in the upper pons in the brainstem. [1] [2] It is involved in voluntary movements, [3] arousal, and provides sensory feedback to the cerebral cortex and one of the main components of the ascending reticular activating system.
regulation of prolactin secretion [10] hyperprolactinaemia [10] Hypothalamospinal tract: The tuberoinfundibular pathway not only regulates hormonal balance but also influences locomotor networks in the brainstem and spinal cord. Modulating motor control and coordination, showcasing the interconnected nature of neural circuits in the brain ...
The parafacial zone receives inputs mainly from three areas: the hypothalamus, the midbrain, and the pons and medulla. [9]From the hypothalamus, the PZ receives inputs from the hypothalamic area, zona incerta, and the parasubthalamic nucleus; while the zona incerta and parasubthalamic nucleus functions remain largely unknown, several of their functions have been proposed to deal with action ...
In a dissected brain, the inferior medial view shows the curved shape of the structures of the Papez circuit in the human brain. The Papez circuit involves various structures of the brain. It begins and ends with the hippocampus (or the hippocampal formation). Fiber dissection indicates that the average size of the circuit is 350 millimeters.
The output neurons of the nucleus accumbens send axonal projections to the basal ganglia and the ventral analog of the globus pallidus, known as the ventral pallidum (VP). ). The VP, in turn, projects to the medial dorsal nucleus of the dorsal thalamus, which projects to the prefrontal cortex as well as back to the ventral and to dorsal stri
The reticular formation is a set of interconnected nuclei in the brainstem that spans from the lower end of the medulla oblongata to the upper end of the midbrain. [2] The neurons of the reticular formation make up a complex set of neural networks in the core of the brainstem. [3]
reticulospinal tract: connects the reticular system, a diffuse region of gray matter in the brain stem, to the spinal cord. It also contributes to muscle tone and influences autonomic functions. lateral vestibulospinal tract: Connects the brain stem nuclei of the vestibular system with the spinal cord. This allows posture, movement, and balance ...
The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is a prefrontal cortex region in the frontal lobes of the brain which is involved in the cognitive process of decision-making.In non-human primates it consists of the association cortex areas Brodmann area 11, 12 and 13; in humans it consists of Brodmann area 10, 11 and 47.