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An mRNA vaccine is a type of vaccine that uses a copy of a molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA) to produce an immune response. [1] The vaccine delivers molecules of antigen -encoding mRNA into cells , which use the designed mRNA as a blueprint to build foreign protein that would normally be produced by a pathogen (such as a virus ) or by a ...
With the discovery of various types of immune-related disorders, there is a need for diversification in prevention and treatment. Developments in the field of gene therapy are being studied to be included in the scope of this treatment, but of course more research is needed to increase the positive results and minimize the negative effects of gene therapy applications. [27]
A nucleoside-modified messenger RNA (modRNA) is a synthetic messenger RNA (mRNA) in which some nucleosides are replaced by other naturally modified nucleosides or by synthetic nucleoside analogues. [ 1 ] modRNA is used to induce the production of a desired protein in certain cells. An important application is the development of mRNA vaccines ...
How vectors work to transfer genetic material. Gene therapy utilizes the delivery of DNA into cells, which can be accomplished by several methods, summarized below. The two major classes of methods are those that use recombinant viruses (sometimes called biological nanoparticles or viral vectors) and those that use naked DNA or DNA complexes (non-viral methods).
The Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, sold under the brand name Comirnaty, [2][33] is an mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine developed by the German biotechnology company BioNTech. For its development, BioNTech collaborated with the American company Pfizer to carry out clinical trials, logistics, and manufacturing. [45][46] It is authorized for use ...
Gene therapy is a medical technology that aims to produce a therapeutic effect through the manipulation of gene expression or through altering the biological properties of living cells. [ 1 ][ 2 ][ 3 ] The first attempt at modifying human DNA was performed in 1980, by Martin Cline, but the first successful nuclear gene transfer in humans ...
A DNA vaccine is a type of vaccine that transfects a specific antigen -coding DNA sequence into the cells of an organism as a mechanism to induce an immune response. [1][2] DNA vaccines work by injecting genetically engineered plasmid containing the DNA sequence encoding the antigen (s) against which an immune response is sought, so the cells ...
How COVID‑19 vaccines work. The video shows the process of vaccination, from injection with RNA or viral vector vaccines, to uptake and translation, and on to immune system stimulation and effect. Part of a series on the COVID-19 pandemic Scientifically accurate atomic model of the external structure of SARS-CoV-2. Each "ball" is an atom. COVID-19 (disease) SARS-CoV-2 (virus) Cases Deaths ...