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The history of fluid mechanics is a fundamental strand of the history of physics and engineering. The study of the movement of fluids (liquids and gases) and the forces that act upon them dates back to pre-history. The field has undergone a continuous evolution, driven by human dependence on water, meteorological conditions and internal ...
Earliest European maps. The earliest cartographic depictions of Africa are found in early world maps . In classical antiquity, Africa (also Libya) was assumed to cover the quarter of the globe south of the Mediterranean, an arrangement that was adhered to in medieval T and O maps . The only part of Africa well known in antiquity was the coast ...
Geography of Africa. Africa is a continent comprising 63 political territories, representing the largest of the great southward projections from the main mass of Earth 's surface. [ 1] Within its regular outline, it comprises an area of 30,368,609 km 2 (11,725,385 sq mi), excluding adjacent islands. Its highest mountain is Kilimanjaro; its ...
A map of East Africa showing some of the historically active volcanoes (as red triangles) and the Afar Triangle (shaded at the center), which is a so-called triple junction (or triple point) where three plates are pulling away from one another: the Arabian Plate and two parts of the African Plate—the Nubian and Somali—splitting along the East African Rift Zone Main rift faults, plates ...
Archaic humans emerged out of Africa between 0.5 and 1.8 million years ago. This was followed by the emergence of modern humans ( Homo sapiens) in East Africa around 300,000–250,000 years ago. In the 4th millenium BC written history arose in Ancient Egypt, [ 1] and later in Nubia ’s Kush, the Horn of Africa ’s Dʿmt, and the Maghreb and ...
European archaeology, as well as that of North Africa, is generally divided into the Stone Age (comprising the Lower Paleolithic, the Middle Paleolithic, the Upper Paleolithic, the Mesolithic, and the Neolithic ), the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age. For Africa south of the Sahara, African archaeology is classified in a slightly different way ...
This was an official unit of measurement in South Africa until the 1970s, and was defined in November 2007 by the South African Law Society as having a conversion factor of 1 morgen = 0.856 532 hectares. [25] This unit of measure was also used in the Dutch colonial province of New Netherland (later New York and parts of New England). [26] [27]
Slavery has historically been widespread in Africa. Systems of servitude and slavery were once commonplace in parts of Africa, as they were in much of the rest of the ancient and medieval world. [ 1] When the trans-Saharan slave trade, Red Sea slave trade, Indian Ocean slave trade and Atlantic slave trade (which started in the 16th century ...