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Wattle (construction) A wattle fence at an outdoor museum in Poland. Wattle hurdle or panel. A wattle hurdle being constructed on a frame. Wattle is made by weaving flexible branches around upright stakes to form a woven lattice. The wattle may be made into an individual panel, commonly called a hurdle, or it may be formed into a continuous ...
Wattle and daub in wooden frames. Wattle and daub is a composite building method used for making walls and buildings, in which a woven lattice of wooden strips called "wattle" is "daubed" with a sticky material usually made of some combination of wet soil, clay, sand, animal dung and straw. Wattle and daub has been used for at least 6,000 years ...
Especially where stone was readily available for building, the wood will have been replaced by stone to a higher or lower standard of security. This would have been the pattern of events in the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw in England. In many cases, the wall would have had an internal and an external pomoerium. This was a strip of clear ground ...
Salix alba 'Vitellina' ( golden willow; syn. Salix alba var. vitellina (L.) Stokes) is a cultivar grown in gardens for its shoots, which are golden-yellow for one to two years before turning brown. It is particularly decorative in winter; the best effect is achieved by coppicing it every two to three years to stimulate the production of longer ...
An arrowslit (often also referred to as an arrow loop, loophole or loop hole, and sometimes a balistraria [1]) is a narrow vertical aperture in a fortification through which an archer can launch arrows or a crossbowman can launch bolts . The interior walls behind an arrow loop are often cut away at an oblique angle so that the archer has a wide ...
Stone wall. Stone walls are a kind of masonry construction that has been used for thousands of years. The first stone walls were constructed by farmers and primitive people by piling loose field stones into a dry stone wall. Later, mortar and plaster were used, especially in the construction of city walls, castles, and other fortifications ...
Dry stone, sometimes called drystack or, in Scotland, drystane, is a building method by which structures are constructed from stones without any mortar to bind them together. [1] A certain amount of binding is obtained through the use of carefully selected interlocking stones. Dry stone construction is best known in the context of stone walls ...
A line of willow pollards near Sluis, Zeeland, Netherlands. Pollarding is a pruning system involving the removal of the upper branches of a tree, which promotes the growth of a dense head of foliage and branches. In ancient Rome, Propertius mentioned pollarding during the 1st century BCE. [ 1] The practice has occurred commonly in Europe since ...