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This is a timeline of pure and applied mathematics history.It is divided here into three stages, corresponding to stages in the development of mathematical notation: a "rhetorical" stage in which calculations are described purely by words, a "syncopated" stage in which quantities and common algebraic operations are beginning to be represented by symbolic abbreviations, and finally a "symbolic ...
It is commonly used as a unit of time to denote length of time before the present in 10 9 years. This initialism is often used in the sciences of astronomy, geology, and paleontology. The "billion" in bya is the 10 9 "billion" of the short scale of the U.S., [1] not the long-scale 10 12 "billion" of some European usage.
One billion years may be called an eon in astronomy or geology. Previously in British English (but not in American English), the word "billion" referred exclusively to a million millions (1,000,000,000,000). However, this is not common anymore, and the word has been used to mean one thousand million (1,000,000,000) for several decades.
For instance, according to the prevailing Big Bang model, our universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old (equivalent to 4.355 × 10 17 seconds). The observable universe spans an incredible 93 billion light years (approximately 8.8 × 10 26 meters) and hosts around 5 × 10 22 stars, organized into roughly 125 billion galaxies (as observed ...
Far larger finite numbers than any of these occur in modern mathematics. For instance, Graham's number is too large to reasonably express using exponentiation or even tetration. For more about modern usage for large numbers, see Large numbers. To handle these numbers, new notations are created and used. There is a large community of ...
Although the term aeon may be used in reference to a period of a billion years (especially in geology, cosmology and astronomy), its more common usage is for any long, indefinite period. Aeon can also refer to the four aeons on the geologic time scale that make up the Earth's history, the Hadean , Archean , Proterozoic , and the current aeon ...
Ancient history – Aggregate of past events from the beginning of recorded human history and extending as far as the Early Middle Ages or the Postclassical Era. The span of recorded history is roughly five thousand years, beginning with the earliest linguistic records in the third millennium BC in Mesopotamia and Egypt .
Plato (428/427 BC – 348/347 BC) is important in the history of mathematics for inspiring and guiding others. [50] His Platonic Academy, in Athens, became the mathematical center of the world in the 4th century BC, and it was from this school that the leading mathematicians of the day, such as Eudoxus of Cnidus (c. 390 - c. 340 BC), came. [51]