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2. Reflective surfaces (climate engineering) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflective_surfaces...

   Reflective surfaces, or ground-based albedo modification (GBAM), is a solar radiation management method of enhancing Earth's albedo (the ability to reflect the visible, infrared, and ultraviolet wavelengths of the Sun, reducing heat transfer to the surface). The IPCC described this method as "whitening roofs, changes in land use management (e.g ...

3. Projected area - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projected_area

   The geometrical definition of a projected area is: "the rectilinear parallel projection of a surface of any shape onto a plane". This translates into the equation: where A is the original area, and is the angle between the normal to the local plane and the line of sight to the surface A. For basic shapes the results are listed in the table ...

4. Cooling load temperature difference calculation method

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_load_temperature...

   The equations for the use of the data retrieved from these tables are very simple. Q= heat gain, usually heat gain per unit time. A= surface area. U= Overall heat transfer coefficient. CLTD= cooling load temperature difference. SCL= solar cooling load factor. CLF= cooling load factor. SC= shading coefficient.

5. Roof pitch - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roof_pitch

   Roof pitch is the steepness of a roof expressed as a ratio of inch (es) rise per horizontal foot (or their metric equivalent), or as the angle in degrees its surface deviates from the horizontal. A flat roof has a pitch of zero in either instance; all other roofs are pitched. A roof that rises 3 inches per foot, for example, would be described ...

6. R-value (insulation) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-value_(insulation)

   The R-value (in K ⋅ m 2/ W) is a measure of how well a two-dimensional barrier, such as a layer of insulation, a window or a complete wall or ceiling, resists the conductive [2] flow of heat, in the context of construction. [3]. R-value is the temperature difference per unit of heat flux needed to sustain one unit of heat flux between the ...

7. Impervious surface - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impervious_surface

   Impervious surfaces are an environmental concern because their construction initiates a chain of events that modifies urban air and water resources: The pavement materials seal the soil surface, eliminating rainwater infiltration and natural groundwater recharge. This can cause urban flooding. An article in the Seattle Times states that "while ...