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Epidemics of the 19th century were faced without the medical advances that made 20th-century epidemics much rarer and less lethal. Micro-organisms (viruses and bacteria) had been discovered in the 18th century, but it was not until the late 19th century that the experiments of Lazzaro Spallanzani and Louis Pasteur disproved spontaneous generation conclusively, allowing germ theory and Robert ...
Germ theory of disease. Scanning electron microscope image of Vibrio cholerae, the bacterium that causes cholera. The germ theory of disease is the currently accepted scientific theory for many diseases. It states that microorganisms known as pathogens or "germs" can cause disease. These small organisms, which are too small to be seen without ...
1881–1896. The fifth cholera pandemic (1881–1896) was the fifth major international outbreak of cholera in the 19th century. The endemic origin of the pandemic, as had its predecessors, was in the Ganges Delta in West Bengal. [1][2] While the Vibrio cholerae bacteria had not been able to spread to western Europe until the 19th century ...
Koch's postulates. Robert Hermann Koch (11 December 1843 – 27 May 1910) was a German physician who developed Koch's postulates. [1] Koch's postulates (/ kɒx / KOKH) [2] are four criteria designed to establish a causal relationship between a microbe and a disease. The postulates were formulated by Robert Koch and Friedrich Loeffler in 1884 ...
The third pandemic spread the disease to port cities throughout the world in the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century via shipping routes. [57] The plague infected people in Chinatown in San Francisco from 1900 to 1904, [ 58 ] and in the nearby locales of Oakland and the East Bay again from 1907 to 1909. [ 59 ]
Robert Koch. Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch (/ kɒx / KOKH; [1][2] German: [ˈʁoːbɛʁt ˈkɔx] ⓘ; 11 December 1843 – 27 May 1910) was a German physician and microbiologist. As the discoverer of the specific causative agents of deadly infectious diseases including tuberculosis, cholera and anthrax, he is regarded as one of the main founders ...
In the mid to late nineteenth century, scientific patterns emerged which contradicted the widely held miasma theory of disease. These findings led medical science to what we now know as the germ theory of disease. [ 1] The germ theory of disease proposes that invisible microorganisms ( bacteria and viruses) are the cause of particular illnesses ...
The second cholera pandemic (1826–1837), also known as the Asiatic cholera pandemic, was a cholera pandemic that reached from India across Western Asia to Europe, Great Britain, and the Americas, as well as east to China and Japan. [1] Cholera caused more deaths than any other epidemic disease in the 19th-century, [2] and as such, researchers ...