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Reverse osmosis (RO) is a water purification process that uses a semi-permeable membrane to separate water molecules from other substances. RO can remove dissolved or suspended chemical species as well as biological substances, and is used in industrial processes and the production of potable water.
Learn the origin, meaning and usage of the colloquial expression "fish or cut bait", which refers to division of complementary tasks or making a decision. See examples from history, literature and film.
Effluent is wastewater from sewers or industrial outfalls that flows directly into surface waters, either untreated or after being treated. Learn about the different types of effluent, the regulations and guidelines for discharging it, and the effects of pollution on the environment.
Learn about the process of removing undesirable chemicals, biological contaminants, and other impurities from water for various purposes. Compare different methods of water purification, such as filtration, disinfection, distillation, and desalination, and their advantages and disadvantages.
Sewage treatment (or domestic wastewater treatment) is a type of wastewater treatment that aims to remove contaminants from sewage to produce an effluent that is suitable to discharge or reuse. Sewage treatment plants (STPs) are facilities that process sewage using various technologies and criteria.
Lime softening is a process that uses limewater (calcium hydroxide) to remove hardness and other contaminants from water by precipitation. Learn about the history, chemistry, benefits and drawbacks of this method of water softening.
Learn about the largest wastewater treatment plant in the world, located in Washington, D.C. and serving over 1.6 million customers. Find out how it reduces nutrient pollution, generates electricity and soil amendments, and has a history of excellence.
Learn about the processes, sources, contaminants and sectors of industrial wastewater treatment. Industrial wastewater is the by-product of various industries that may contain pollutants such as heavy metals, organic matter, nutrients, toxins, radionuclides and microplastics.