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The temperature of the fermentation medium is maintained by a cooling jacket, coils, or both. Particularly exothermic fermentations may require the use of external heat exchangers. Nutrients may be continuously added to the fermenter, as in a fed-batch system, or may be charged into the reactor at the beginning of fermentation.
The Peoria plant was the largest of the three. It used molasses as feedstock and had 96 fermenters with a volume of 96,000 gallons each. [8] After World War II, ABE fermentation became generally non-profitable, compared to the production of the same three solvents (acetone, butanol, ethanol) from petroleum. [1]
A CSTR often refers to a model used to estimate the key unit operation variables when using a continuous agitated-tank reactor to reach a specified output. The mathematical model works for all fluids: liquids, gases, and slurries. The behavior of a CSTR is often approximated or modeled by that of an ideal CSTR, which assumes perfect mixing. In ...
The McCabe–Thiele method is a technique that is commonly employed in the field of chemical engineering to model the separation of two substances by a distillation column. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It uses the fact that the composition at each theoretical tray is completely determined by the mole fraction of one of the two components.
The definition of fermentation has evolved over the years. [1] The most modern definition is catabolism, where organic compounds are both the electron donor and acceptor.
There are three idealised models used to estimate the most important process variables of different chemical reactors: Batch reactor model, Continuous stirred-tank reactor model (CSTR), and; Plug flow reactor model (PFR). Many real-world reactors can be modeled as a combination of these basic types. Key process variables include:
One of the most important features of chemostats is that microorganisms can be grown in a physiological steady state under constant environmental conditions. In this steady state, growth occurs at a constant specific growth rate and all culture parameters remain constant (culture volume, dissolved oxygen concentration, nutrient and product concentrations, pH, cell density, etc.).
An ideal plug flow reactor has a fixed residence time: Any fluid (plug) that enters the reactor at time will exit the reactor at time +, where is the residence time of the reactor. The residence time distribution function is therefore a Dirac delta function at τ {\displaystyle \tau } .