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  2. Boiling chip - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_chip

    A boiling chip, boiling stone, or porous bit anti-bumping granule is a tiny, unevenly shaped piece of substance added to liquids to make them boil more calmly. Boiling chips are frequently employed in distillation and heating. When a liquid becomes superheated, a speck of dust or a stirring rod can cause violent flash boiling.

  3. Short-path distillation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-path_distillation

    Short-path vacuum distillation apparatus with vertical condenser (cold finger), to minimize the distillation path; 1: Still pot with stirrer bar/anti-bumping granules 2: Cold finger – bent to direct condensate 3: Cooling water out 4: cooling water in 5: Vacuum/gas inlet 6: Distillate flask/distillate.

  4. Perkin triangle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkin_triangle

    The vacuum over the sample is then replaced with an inert gas such as nitrogen or argon. The collection vessel or still receiver can then be removed and stoppered. Finally, a fresh collection vessel can be added to the system, evacuated, and linked back to the distillation system through the taps to collect the next fraction.

  5. Reflux - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflux

    The liquid feed mixture to be distilled is placed into the round-bottomed flask along with a few anti-bumping granules, and the fractionating column is fitted into the top. As the mixture is heated and boils, vapor rises up the column.

  6. Fractional distillation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_distillation

    The apparatus is assembled as in the diagram. (The diagram represents a batch apparatus as opposed to a continuous apparatus.) The mixture is put into the round-bottomed flask along with a few anti-bumping granules (or a Teflon-coated magnetic stirrer bar if using magnetic stirring), and the fractionating column is fitted into the top. The ...

  7. Ibuprofen (Advil or Motrin), naproxen (Aleve) and aspirin (Bayer or Ecotrin) are common pain relievers that belong to a class of medication called non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

  8. Excipient - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excipient

    An excipient is a substance formulated alongside the active ingredient of a medication.They may be used to enhance the active ingredient’s therapeutic properties; to facilitate drug absorption; to reduce viscosity; to enhance solubility; to improve long-term stabilization (preventing denaturation and aggregation during the expected shelf life); or to add bulk to solid formulations that have ...

  9. Words are overrated. Here’s why we’re addicted to ‘silent ...

    www.aol.com/words-overrated-why-addicted-silent...

    The three common nonverbal channels that people use to express emotions are body, face and touch, according to a 2011 study. For instance, when you’re listening to someone, you might turn your ...