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Aside from SOEs, there are also provincially- or municipally-owned corporations, locally known as Badan Usaha Milik Daerah (BUMD). The primary difference between BUMNs and BUMDs is the ownership of the enterprise, whereas BUMNs are controlled by the Ministry of State Owned Enterprise while BUMDs are directly controlled by the local government.
A village-owned enterprise (Indonesian: Badan Usaha Milik Desa), often shortened to BUMDes or BUM Desa, is a type of company that is managed and established by an Indonesian village. These companies span a wide array of industries, from agriculture and mining to tourism and retail.
The development of state-owned enterprises was on Direktorat Persero dan Pengelolaan Keuangan Perusahaan Negara, which was the Second Echelon Unit in Department of Finance. This unit was also called Direktorat Persero dan Badan Usaha Negara and Direktorat Pembinaan BUMN.
The main law regulating Private Limited Companies is the Companies Act 2013. [21] Prior to 2015, the shareholders (known as members) had to pay a minimum of ₹ 1 lakh (equivalent to ₹ 1.5 lakh or US$1,700 in 2023) as a subscription amount to incorporate a private limited company. [22] A private limited company can have at most 200 members.
Tindak Pidana terhadap Kepercayaan dalam menjalankan Usaha: Art. 511-520 XXIX Vandalism and Destruction of Goods and Property Tindak Pidana Perusakan dan Penghancuran Barang dan Bangunan Gedung: Art. 521-526 XXX Crimes in Public Office Tindak Pidana Jabatan: Art. 527-541 XXXI Maritime Crime Tindak Pidana Pelayaran: Art. 542-574 XXXII
Private law is that part of a legal system that governs interactions between individual persons. It is distinguished from public law , which deals with relationships between both natural and artificial persons (i.e., organizations) and the state , including regulatory statutes , penal law and other law that affects the public order .
The distinction between public and private law was first made by Roman jurist Ulpian, who argues in the Institutes (in a passage preserved by Justinian in the Digest) that "[p]ublic law is that which respects the establishment of the Roman commonwealth, private that which respects individuals' interests, some matters being of public and others of private interest."
Dominican law has given a commercial nature to all acts, operations or activities carried out by business organizations. Therefore, in considering the applicable law in the generality of cases involving corporations in the Dominican Republic first priority is given the basic principles contained in the Dominican Commercial Code enacted on the July 4, 1882.