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It uses between 20 and 33% of the world's fresh water, [81] Livestock, and the production of feed for them, occupy about a third of the Earth's ice-free land. [82] Livestock production contributes to species extinction, desertification, [83] and habitat destruction. [84] and is the primary driver of the Holocene extinction.
Livestock operations are responsible for about 18% of greenhouse gas emissions globally and over 7% of greenhouse gas emissions in the U.S. [24] Methane is the second most concentrated greenhouse gas contributing to global climate change, [25] with livestock contributing nearly 30% of anthropogenic methane emissions. [26]
Insects as feed are insect species used as animal feed, either for livestock, including aquaculture, or as pet food. As livestock feed production uses ~33% of the world's agricultural cropland use, insects might be able to supplement livestock feed. They can transform low-value organic wastes, are nutritious and have low environmental impacts.
Before the twentieth century, poultry were mostly kept on general farms, and foraged for much of their feed, eating insects, grain spilled by cattle and horses, and plants around the farm. This was often supplemented by grain, household scraps, calcium supplements such as oyster shell, and garden waste.
Intensive animal farming, industrial livestock production, and macro-farms, [1] also known as factory farming, [2] is a type of intensive agriculture, specifically an approach to animal husbandry designed to maximize production while minimizing costs. [3]
Bone meal provides phosphorus and calcium to plants, along with a largely inconsequential amount of nitrogen. [4] The N-P-K rating of bone meal is typically 3–15–0 [5] along with a calcium content of around 12% (18% CaO equiv.), [6] although it can vary quite a bit depending on the source from 1–13–0 to 3–22–0.
As of 2015 farm-raised Atlantic salmon had a commodified feed supply with four main suppliers, and an FCR of around 1. [31] Tilapia is about 1.5, [32] and as of 2013 farmed catfish had a FCR of about 1. [8] It is possible for fish to have an FCR below 1 despite obvious energy losses in feed-to-meat conversion.
In a letter to the King of Spain in 1544, Cristóbal de Benavente, prosecutor of Mexico (fiscal de audiencia), wrote that livestock of all species were multiplying rapidly, almost double every 15 months. [50] Although all livestock species took root and multiplied rapidly, there was a preponderance of cattle.