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IP fragmentation attacks are a kind of computer security attack based on how the Internet Protocol (IP) requires data to be transmitted and processed. Specifically, it invokes IP fragmentation, a process used to partition messages (the service data unit (SDU); typically a packet) from one layer of a network into multiple smaller payloads that can fit within the lower layer's protocol data unit ...
netcat (often abbreviated to nc) is a computer networking utility for reading from and writing to network connections using TCP or UDP.The command is designed to be a dependable back-end that can be used directly or easily driven by other programs and scripts.
Traffic analysis method can be used to break the anonymity of anonymous networks, e.g., TORs. [1] There are two methods of traffic-analysis attack, passive and active. In passive traffic-analysis method, the attacker extracts features from the traffic of a specific flow on one side of the network and looks for those features on the other side of the network.
Each pattern will have a type, and zero or more subtypes that identify the category of the attack pattern. Typical types include Injection Attack, Denial of Service Attack, Cryptanalysis Attack, etc. Examples of typical subtypes for Denial Of Service, for example, would be: DOS – Resource Starvation , DOS-System Crash, DOS-Policy Abuse.
Promiscuous mode is often used to diagnose network connectivity issues. There are programs that make use of this feature to show the user all the data being transferred over the network. Some protocols like FTP and Telnet transfer data and passwords in clear text, without encryption, and network scanners can see this data.
However, a flow is not necessarily 1:1 mapped to a transport connection." [2] Flow is also defined in RFC 3917 as "a set of IP packets passing an observation point in the network during a certain time interval." [3] Packet flow temporal efficiency can be affected by one-way delay (OWD) that is described as a combination of the following components:
In software architecture, a messaging pattern is an architectural pattern which describes how two different parts of an application, or different systems connect and communicate with each other. There are many aspects to the concept of messaging which can be divided in the following categories: hardware device messaging (telecommunications ...
[1]: section 3.2.9 An alternative is to calculate a CRC using the right shifting CRC-32 (polynomial = 0xEDB88320, initial CRC = 0xFFFFFFFF, CRC is post complemented, verify value = 0x2144DF1C), which will result in a CRC that is a bit reversal of the FCS, and transmit both data and the CRC least significant bit first, resulting in identical ...