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  2. Differentiation of trigonometric functions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiation_of...

    For example, the derivative of the sine function is written sin ′ (a) = cos(a), meaning that the rate of change of sin(x) at a particular angle x = a is given by the cosine of that angle. All derivatives of circular trigonometric functions can be found from those of sin( x ) and cos( x ) by means of the quotient rule applied to functions such ...

  3. Logarithmic derivative - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithmic_derivative

    The formula as given can be applied more widely; for example if f(z) is a meromorphic function, it makes sense at all complex values of z at which f has neither a zero nor a pole. Further, at a zero or a pole the logarithmic derivative behaves in a way that is easily analysed in terms of the particular case

  4. Logarithmic differentiation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithmic_differentiation

    In calculus, logarithmic differentiation or differentiation by taking logarithms is a method used to differentiate functions by employing the logarithmic derivative of a function f, [1] (⁡) ′ = ′ ′ = (⁡) ′.

  5. Small-angle approximation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small-angle_approximation

    The small-angle approximation for the sine function. ... Example: sin(0.755) ... where the values for sin(0.75) and cos(0.75) are obtained from trigonometric table ...

  6. Natural logarithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm

    For example, ln 7.5 is 2.0149..., because e 2.0149... = 7.5. The natural logarithm of e itself, ln e, is 1, because e 1 = e, while the natural logarithm of 1 is 0, since e 0 = 1. The natural logarithm can be defined for any positive real number a as the area under the curve y = 1/x from 1 to a [4] (with the area being negative when 0 < a < 1 ...

  7. Proofs of trigonometric identities - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proofs_of_trigonometric...

    For example, the sine of angle θ is defined as being the length of the opposite side divided by the length of the hypotenuse. The six trigonometric functions are defined for every real number, except, for some of them, for angles that differ from 0 by a multiple of the right angle (90°). Referring to the diagram at the right, the six ...

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  9. Trigonometric functions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometric_functions

    If units of degrees are intended, the degree sign must be explicitly shown (sin x°, cos x°, etc.). Using this standard notation, the argument x for the trigonometric functions satisfies the relationship x = (180x/ π)°, so that, for example, sin π = sin 180° when we take x = π.