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A third test can detect DNA from several high-risk HPV types and can indicate whether HPV-16 or HPV-18 is present. A fourth test detects RNA from the most common high-risk HPV types. These tests can detect HPV infections before cell abnormalities are evident. [citation needed] "Theoretically, the HPV DNA and RNA tests could be used to identify ...
Those that have a prolonged infection with a high-risk type (e.g. types 16, 18, 31, 45) are more likely to develop Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia, due to the effects that HPV has on DNA. [7] The screening process utilizes nucleic acid amplification testing to look for DNA or RNA of the virus present within cervical cells.
The Papanicolaou test (abbreviated as Pap test, also known as Pap smear (AE), [1] cervical smear (BE), cervical screening (BE), [2] or smear test (BE)) is a method of cervical screening used to detect potentially precancerous and cancerous processes in the cervix (opening of the uterus or womb) or, more rarely, anus (in both men and women). [3]
The FDA has given the green light to a self-collection solution to test for HPV, making it one of the easiest options available in the U.S. for identifying those at risk of cervical cancer.
1976: Harald zur Hausen and Gisam found HPV DNA in cervical cancer and genital warts; Hausen later won the Nobel Prize for his work. [157] 1988: Bethesda System for reporting Pap results was developed. 2006: First HPV vaccine was approved by the FDA. 2015: HPV vaccine shown to protect against infection at multiple body sites. [158]
In Australia, the national screening program has changed from the two yearly cytology (pap smears) to being based on tests for HPV DNA, [43] based on work by Karen Canfell and others. [44] As of 2021, the World Health Organization recommends HPV DNA testing as the preferred screening method. [45] [46]
HPV disease is the leading cause of cervical cancer, therefore making the HPV vaccine the primary prevention measure for the cancer. Screening with the Papanicolaou (Pap) test is consequently the second measure of prevention. [27] The test identifies cells that are precancerous, and are often credited for the reduced mortality. [28]
Controllers also must pass a hearing test and have 20/20 or better vision in each eye, with or without corrective lenses, for objects at long distances and 20/40 or better vision in each eye at a ...
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