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Shannon and Weaver identify and address problems in the study of communication at three basic levels: technical, semantic, and effectiveness problems (referred to as levels A, B, and C). [ 12 ] [ 10 ] Shannon and Weaver hold that models of communication should provide good responses to all three problems, ideally by showing how to make ...
In 1993, the communication scholars Denis McQuail and Sven Windahl referred to Lasswell's model as "perhaps the most famous single phrase in communication research." [ 18 ] McQuail and Windahl also considered the model as a formula that would be transformed into a model once boxes were drawn around each element and arrows connected the elements.
The problem of communication was already discussed in Ancient Greece but the field of communication studies only developed into a separate research discipline in the middle of the 20th century. All early models were linear transmission models, like Lasswell's model , the Shannon–Weaver model , Gerbner's model, and Berlo's model .
Shannon's diagram of a general communications system, showing the process by which a message sent becomes the message received (possibly corrupted by noise) This work is known for introducing the concepts of channel capacity as well as the noisy channel coding theorem. Shannon's article laid out the basic elements of communication:
Schramm's model of communication was published by Wilbur Schramm in 1954. It is one of the earliest interaction models of communication. [1] [2] [3] It was conceived as a response to and an improvement over earlier attempts in the form of linear transmission models, like the Shannon–Weaver model and Lasswell's model.
The communication skills required for successful communication are different for source and receiver. For the source, this includes the ability to express oneself or to encode the message in an accessible way. [8] Communication starts with a specific purpose and encoding skills are necessary to express this purpose in the form of a message.
Primary, alternate, contingency and emergency (PACE) is a methodology used to build a communication plan. [1] The method requires the author to determine the different stakeholders or parties that need to communicate and then determine, if possible, the best four, different, redundant forms of communication between each of those parties.
The action research methods allow the study to be located in not only communication theory, but also grassroots communication practice. In this approach, participants can act as co-investigators in cycles of inquiry, action and reflection and researchers are able to give back in a way that will develop the communicative ecology.