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From the Russian Empire, cholera most likely spread to European countries. In Russia, cholera vibrio was found in Baku in 1892. The authorities of the city, despite the mortality of the population from cholera for a long time did not recognize the outbreak of the epidemic.
Popular medical practices, such as bloodletting, could not be effective in such a case. Snow also argued that cholera was not a product of Miasma. "There was nothing in the air to account for the spread of cholera". [25] According to Snow, cholera was spread by persons ingesting a substance, not through atmospheric transmittal. [25]
Cholera spread throughout the Middle East and was carried to the Russian Empire, Europe, Africa, and North America, in each case spreading via travelers from port cities and along inland waterways. [2] The pandemic reached Northern Africa in 1865 and spread to sub-Saharan Africa, killing 70,000 in Zanzibar in 1869–70. [3]
Cholera ravaged northern Africa in 1865 and southeastward to Zanzibar, killing 70,000 in 1869–70. [35] Cholera claimed 90,000 lives in Russia in 1866. [36] The epidemic of cholera that spread with the Austro-Prussian War (1866) is estimated to have killed 165,000 people in the Austrian Empire. [37] In 1867, 113,000 died from cholera in Italy.
Cholera dissemination across Asia and Europe in 1817–1831. In the years after the pandemic subsided in many areas of the world, there were still small outbreaks, and pockets of cholera remained. [8] In the period from 1823 to 1829, the first cholera outbreak remained outside of much of Europe. [8]
Six global cholera pandemics happen in this period because of increased commerce and migration. [1]: 125 Second, there is a lot of development on the underlying theory of disease, advancements in vaccine and antibiotic development, and a variety of experimental large-scale eradication and control programs.
The third cholera pandemic (1846–1860) was the third major outbreak of cholera originating in India in the 19th century that reached far beyond its borders, which researchers at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) believe may have started as early as 1837 and lasted until 1863. [1]
From there, the disease spread along trade routes to cover most of India. By 1828, the disease had traveled to China. Cholera was also reported in China in 1826 and 1835, and in Japan in 1831. In 1829, Iran was apparently infected with cholera from Afghanistan. [9] Cholera reached the southern tips of the Ural Mountains in 1829.