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  2. Electrosurgery - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrosurgery

    Common return electrode locations include lateral portions of the outer thighs, abdomen, back, or shoulder blades. [8] The use of the bipolar option does not require the placement of a return electrode because the current only passes between tines of the forceps or other bipolar output device.

  3. Sacral nerve stimulation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacral_nerve_stimulation

    Sacral nerve stimulation, also termed sacral neuromodulation, is a type of medical electrical stimulation therapy.. It typically involves the implantation of a programmable stimulator subcutaneously, which delivers low amplitude electrical stimulation via a lead to the sacral nerve, usually accessed via the S3 foramen.

  4. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcutaneous_electrical...

    A transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS or TNS) is a device that produces mild electric current to stimulate the nerves for therapeutic purposes.TENS, by definition, covers the complete range of transcutaneously applied currents used for nerve excitation, but the term is often used with a more restrictive intent, namely, to describe the kind of pulses produced by portable ...

  5. Functional electrical stimulation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_electrical...

    Functional electrical stimulation has been found to be effective for the management of pain and reduction of shoulder subluxation, as well as accelerating the degree and rate of motor recovery. Furthermore, the benefits of FES are maintained over time; research has demonstrated that the benefits are maintained for at least 24 months.

  6. Microcurrent electrical neuromuscular stimulator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcurrent_electrical...

    In a study published in 1969, for example, a team of researchers led by L.E. Wolcott applied microcurrent to a wide variety of wounds, using negative polarity over lesions in the initial phase, and then alternating application of positive and negative electrodes every three days.

  7. Neuromodulation (medicine) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromodulation_(medicine)

    The electrodes are placed either via a minimally invasive needle technique (so-called percutaneous leads) or an open surgical exposure (surgical "paddle" electrodes). Patient selection is key, and candidates should pass rigorous psychological screening as well as a medical workup to assure that their pain syndrome is truly medication-resistant ...

  8. Neurostimulation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurostimulation

    In epiretinal approach, electrodes are placed on the top side of the retina near ganglion cells, [32] whereas the electrodes are placed under the retina in subretinal approaches. [33] Finally, the posterior scleral surface of the eye is the place in which extraocular approach electrodes are positioned.

  9. Occipital nerve stimulation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occipital_nerve_stimulation

    In most cases, a trial (test) lead placement is performed in order to assess whether the stimulation will work as expected. [8] Local anesthetic is applied to the back of the neck and a Tuohy needle is advanced towards the location of the greater occipital nerve and lesser occipital nerve under fluoroscopic guidance .

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