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In the Middle Byzantine period (c. 843 – 1204), domes were normally built to emphasize separate functional spaces, rather than as the modular ceiling units they had been earlier. [193] [184] Resting domes on circular or polygonal drums pierced with windows eventually became the standard style, with regional characteristics. [194]
Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, or Eastern Roman Empire, usually dated from 330 AD, when Constantine the Great established a new Roman capital in Byzantium, which became Constantinople, until the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453.
Resting domes on circular or polygonal drums pierced with windows eventually became the standard style, with regional characteristics. [147] In the Byzantine period, domes were normally hemispherical and had, with occasional exceptions, windowed drums.
An oculus (from Latin oculus 'eye'; pl.: oculi) is a circular opening in the center of a dome or in a wall. Originating in classical architecture, it is a feature of Byzantine and Neoclassical architecture. A horizontal oculus in the center of a dome is also called opaion (from Ancient Greek ὀπαῖον '(smoke) hole'; pl.: opaia).
Its circular, centrally planned structure resembles other structures such as Santa Costanza in Rome and is similarly topped by a dome. The structure was converted into a church in the late fourth century and an apsidal choir extension was added as well as a wide ambulatory around the perimeter. [7] The Rotunda has a diameter of 24.5 m.
The Greek cross and domes of Byzantine architecture were found in areas of Byzantine cultural influence. [66] The earliest existing large French dome is believed to be the pendentive dome built by 1075 over the crossing of the Collegiate Church of St-Martin at Angers . It reportedly incorporates "pottery" in its structure, a technique used in ...
In architecture, a pendentive is a constructional device permitting the placing of a circular dome over a square room or of an elliptical dome over a rectangular room. [1] The pendentives, which are triangular segments of a sphere, taper to points at the bottom and spread at the top to establish the continuous circular or elliptical base needed for a dome. [2]
Circular dome with Jesus. The church has a circular dome with an icon venerating Jesus Christ. The outer portion consists of a biblical historical timeline with Hebrew stories from the Old Testament. The church is a Basilica with a cross-like structure. It was built with pendentives resembling the churches of the middle Byzantine architecture.