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  2. Reaction control system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_control_system

    The Apollo Service Module and Lunar Module each had a set of sixteen R-4D hypergolic thrusters, grouped into external clusters of four, to provide both translation and attitude control. The clusters were located near the craft's average centers of mass, and were fired in pairs in opposite directions for attitude control.

  3. List of NASA's flight control positions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NASA's_flight...

    MPSR position: HawkI – Pronounced (Hawk-eye) – provides expert support monitoring of all US GNC systems, leaving the ADCO to coordinate with other flight controllers and MCC-M. Hawki is actually a strung-together set of common engineering abbreviations for quantities that affect or reflect ISS attitude, primarily chosen because they fit ...

  4. Inertial measurement unit - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_measurement_unit

    An inertial measurement unit works by detecting linear acceleration using one or more accelerometers and rotational rate using one or more gyroscopes. [3] Some also include a magnetometer which is commonly used as a heading reference. Some IMUs, like Adafruit's 9-DOF IMU, include additional sensors like temperature. [4]

  5. Parking orbit - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking_orbit

    The Apollo program used parking orbits, for all the reasons mentioned above except those that pertain to geostationary orbits. [7] [8] When the Space Shuttle orbiter launched interplanetary probes such as Galileo, it used a parking orbit to deliver the probe to the right injection spot. [9] The Ariane 5 does not usually use parking orbits. [10]

  6. Spacecraft flight dynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecraft_flight_dynamics

    Analogous to linear motion, the angular rotation rate (degrees per second) is obtained by integrating α over time: = and the angular rotation is the time integral of the rate: = The three principal moments of inertia I x , I y , and I z about the roll, pitch and yaw axes, are determined through the vehicle's center of mass .

  7. Reaction wheel - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_wheel

    A small reaction wheel viewed in profile A momentum/reaction wheel comprising part of a high-accuracy Conical Earth Sensor to maintain a satellite's precise attitude. A reaction wheel (RW) is an electric motor attached to a flywheel, which, when its rotation speed is changed, causes a counter-rotation proportionately through conservation of angular momentum. [1]

  8. Gimbal lock - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimbal_lock

    A well-known gimbal lock incident happened in the Apollo 11 Moon mission. On this spacecraft, a set of gimbals was used on an inertial measurement unit (IMU). The engineers were aware of the gimbal lock problem but had declined to use a fourth gimbal. [5] Some of the reasoning behind this decision is apparent from the following quote:

  9. AS-103 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS-103

    AS-103 was the third orbital flight test of a boilerplate Apollo spacecraft, and the first flight of a Pegasus micrometeoroid detection satellite. Also known as SA-9 , it was the third operational launch of a two-stage Saturn I launch vehicle.