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Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) or intraoperative neuromonitoring is the use of electrophysiological methods such as electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography (EMG), and evoked potentials to monitor the functional integrity of certain neural structures (e.g., nerves, spinal cord and parts of the brain) during surgery.
Cervical spinal nerve 4, also called C4, is a spinal nerve of the cervical segment. It originates from the spinal cord above the 4th cervical vertebra (C4). It contributes nerve fibers to the phrenic nerve , the motor nerve to the thoracoabdominal diaphragm .
The body is innervated by spinal nerves that branch off from the spinal cord. [18] This innervation enables the brain to receive sensory inputs and send motor outputs. There are 8 cervical spinal nerves of the peripheral nervous system. Cervical spinal nerves C1, C2 and C3 help control the movements of the head and neck.
Pathological processes that can occur in these joints include degenerative changes or hypertrophic arthritis, resulting in foraminal stenosis and nerve compression. Foraminal stenosis at this joint is the most common cause of cervical nerve root pressure. They were characterized by Hubert von Luschka in 1858. [4] [5]
The thyrohyoid branch [1] (also: thyrohyoid branch of ansa cervicalis, [2] or nerve to thyrohyoid (muscle) [2] [3]: 595, 600 ) is a motor branch derived from the cervical plexus [2] [2] [3]: 595, 600 [4]: 457, 709 formed by fibres of (the anterior ramus of [3]: 600 ) the cervical spinal nerve 1 (C1) [3]: 582 [5] [6] [4]: 457, 709 (and - according to some sources - cervical spinal nerve 2 (C2 ...
The cervical plexus has two types of branches: cutaneous and muscular. [3] Cutaneous (4 branches): Lesser occipital nerve - innervates the skin and the scalp posterosuperior to the auricle (C2) Great auricular nerve - innervates skin near concha auricle and external acoustic meatus (C2-C3)
[1] [2] Spinal nerve injury does not cause neck, mid back pain or low back pain, and for this reason, evidence has not shown EMG or NCS to be helpful in diagnosing causes of axial lumbar pain, thoracic pain, or cervical spine pain. [3] [4] [5] [1] Nerve conduction studies are also used for evaluation of paresthesias (numbness, tingling, burning ...
It shows stenosis of the left intervertebral foramen between cervical vertebra 3 and 4, indicating radiculopathy of cervical spinal nerve 4. Date: 1 June 2017: Source: